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CONTENTS
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 5–13 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
THE DIFFERENT SOIL USE PRACTICT ON MINERAL NITROGEN LEACHING
Saulius Gužys*, Zita Petrokienė
Abstract
The investigations were carried out in the LAU VM institute land plots in the Endocalcari Endohypogkeyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can). Basis of the investigation is nine drainage systems and 3 variants. Every variant made 3 drainage lines (0.54 ha). Traditional arable system was applied in 1 variant. Soil tillage was not applied in 2 variant. In this variant in spring barley was sown and left make to spring. In the 3 variant soil was not tillage and left until spring. The smallest soil mineral nitrogeness (mg kg-1 and kg ha-1) was distinquish in 2 variant. Applied of arable and fallow cropping system storage of mineral nitrogen increases 51–83 and 33–40 % as well as 11–101 and 38–134 % to 9.5–14.3 mg kg-1 and 68–152 and 61–154 kg ha-1. Essential soil bulk density varies in only 0–20 cm soil layer. Smallest soil bulk density was gained in the conditions of 2 variant. The least one was gaines in the conditions of traditional arable system. As well as in the condition of 1 variant was gained most abundance yield of spring barley. The biggest removal of nitrogen with crops was gained in the conditions of 2 variant there where was grown undercrop (153 GJ ha-1). Also in the conditions of 2 variant was biggest drainage runoff. Investigations of nitrogen concentration in drainage water was showed that the least nitrogen concentrations was in 2 variant with ryegrass. In the conditions of traditional arable system and fallow system it increases by 30–42 % to 31 and 37 mg l-1. According to the average data mineral nitrogen leaching was smallest in the 2 variant growing ryegrass and made 27 kg ha-1. Aplying traditional arable system and fallow system mineral nitrogen leaching increase 30–55 % to 35–42 kg ha-1.
Keywords: agriculture, concentration, leaching, mineral nitrogen, soil.
*contact person Dr. Saulius Gužys*, senior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – agrochemistry, agroecology, agricultural hydrology. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 671 06124. E-mail s.guzys@water.omnitel.net. Zita Petrokienė, junior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations on plant nutrient migration and balance, water protection. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 14–19 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
EFFECT OF KRAUJUPIS WATER DETENTION IN A POND TO TOTAL PHOSPHORUS RUNOFF
Saulius KUTRA*, Laima BERANKIENĖ
Abstract
The article presents a research on total phosphorus concentration variation in dammed up small Mid Lithuania stream water. The research was performed in 2004–2007. Data analysis includes pond influence on the phosphorus concentration and outflow quantity. The investigated stream is heavy polluted by phosphorus. Mean concentration is 1.5 times higher than it is allowed. Random pollution makes about 80 % of all pollution. When pollution comes only from permanent sources, from agriculture fields mostly, concentration of total phosphorus varies from 0.04 to 0.5 mg l-1. The least phosphorus concentration in the stream occurs in a case of pollution coming from lateral groundwater flow and it achieves 0.028 mg l-1 only. Average annual total phosphorus concentration retention in the pond is about 0.115 mg l-1 or 45 kg. The strongest retention occurs in June–August when biochemical processes are most intensive. Moreover, the retention is stronger if pollution is also stronger. During these months ponds biotic environment consumes about 5–9 kg of phosphorus. A secondary pollution of the pond, which increases total phosphorus concentration from 0.01 to 0.64 mg l-1 or from 1 to 6 kg outflow, is evident in August–November. Some phosphorus (up to 22 kg) remains in the pond after the flood when the amount of suspended and settled on the pond bottom soil particles is greater. In the period of research retention rate difference was significant – the highest value was 10 times larger.
Keywords: pond, pollutiontotal phosphorus, stream.
*contact person Dr. Saulius Kutra, head of Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and land management, GIS, pollution modeling, application of remote sensing. Dr. Laima Berankienė, senior researcher of the Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and land management, hydrology and river pollution. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 20–29 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
ANALYSIS of the technical state of earth dams in Šiauliai district
Juozapas Vyčius*, Vitas Damulevičius
Abstract
Territory of Šiauliai district, which includes 6 administrative regions/municipalities: Akmenė, Joniškis, Kelmė, Pakruojis, Radviliškis, Šiauliai, is mostly a country of plains, only eastern part of Žemaičiai hills extends on the western and western-southern area of this territory. Few number of lakes is characteristic feature for this territory. Only 3 lakes, with the area more than 100 ha, are there in the district. That’s why in the Soviet time man-made ponds were formed in rivers and creeks valleys damming their streams with earth dams. In this way 72 earth dams with ponds area more than 5,0 ha were constructed in Šiauliai district. Water of these ponds was used for irrigation, water supply, recreation, fishery, flow control purposes. Total number of dams with ponds area more than 0.5 ha is 155 in the district. After the Independence of Lithuania in 1990 a part of man-made ponds and their hydraulic structures became unused, as irrigation of agricultural lands became unprofitable. The technical state of earth dams declined faster because less financial means and care was allotted for the maintenance of dams. More attention for maintenance of hydraulic structures in Šiauliai district was paid after the failure of Šaukotas dam in 1997. Dam users inspected all their structures and offered to the Hydraulic department of Lithuanian University of Agriculture to carry out investigations of earth dams in which water seepage anomalies, slope lining deterioration, dam body deformations were observed. Field survey of earth dams was carried out in 1997–2006 using instrumental investigations for data collection in damaged zones of dams. There were installed piezometers in seepage anomalies zones of dams, carried out the digging of drainage lines, measured deformation values of earth dams slopes and crests. Having geological data of the dam’s body and its surroundings using mathematical modeling methods it was analyzed parameters of water seepage in the dam’s body and at the foot of the tail race slope. In this way seepage control measures as upstream aprons, subsurface drainage lines and open ditches at the foot of the tail race slope were studied. Optimum methods of damage elimination were determined. It was studied in detail project materials, hydro geological data, construction particularities. Aim of this investigation is to determine volumes of dam damages, reasons of their appearance, to propose rational ways and measures for damage elimination elaborating dams repair projects in Šiauliai district.
Keywords: earth dam, damage of dam, geofiltration, technical state.
*contact person Juozapas Vyčius, associated professor, doctor of technical sciences, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Hydraulic Engineering Department. Research interests – investigation of hydro-technical buildings condition, water resource usage. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone: + 370 37 75 23 93; fax: + 370 37 75 23 92, e-mail: juozapas.vycius@lzuu.lt. Vitas Damulevičius, lecturer, Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Hydraulic Engineering Department. Research interests – investigation of hydro-technical buildings condition, water resource usage. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 30–38 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
Changes in the Physical Features of the Cultivable Layer in Heavy Drained Soils Due to Growing Perennial Grasses
Edmundas RAMOŠKA
Abstract
This article presents the research data about the effect done by the perennial legume (alfalfa, clover) to the density of the upper layer of the soil, its porosity, water permeability, it shows the alternation of soil physical features and causality. The researches are carried out in two drainage systems in the Northern part of Mid Lithuania lowland, in heavy dust loam soil situated in Hapli-Epihypogleyic Luvisols in Pasvalys district. The soil density was increasing faster and the porosity was decreasing in the first year, when the cultivable layer was consolidating and vegetative cover was appearing. During the investigation in the control plot and the plot, where the carbonate was inserted, the soil density and porosity in the layer of 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm statistically did not differ greatly and it corresponded to all necessary requirements for the plants to grow and reclamation. In the upper cultivable layer of the researched variants the average soil density was 0.06 g/cmł, the porosity was definitely smaller – 3.3 % larger than in the lower cultivable layer. The filtration coefficient statistically did not differ much it was of a dynamic nature which significantly decreased in crop gathering and transport wheel tracks. A negative outcome of technical compression was more evident in the upper cultivable soil layer than in the lower one. There was established a strong connection between a filtration coefficient and soil humidity. After four years of grass growth in the researched variants, the filtration coefficient in the subsoil increased 3.4 times. Physical properties of the compressed soil under the influence of meteorological and other factors partially set to normal state. Growing grasses in the plot with inserted carbonates, a better and more enduring structure was in a cultivable layer in comparison with a test plot. In all investigated variants the number of water-resistant units in the subsoil increased. The perennial legume grasses positively affected physical features of the cultivable layer and deeper soil layers.
Keywords: compression, perennial grasses, physical properties.
Dr. Edmundas Ramoška, senior researcher, Sector of Geofiltration Investigation, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, regulation of water regime in mineral soils. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-5048 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 08. E-mail: e.ramoska@takas.lt. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 39–49 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS TRENDS IN THE NEVĖŽIS BASIN
Antanas Sigitas ŠILEIKA*, Kazimieras GAIGALIS
Abstract
This article analyses the alternation of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds during the period 1998 to 2006. The investigated period comprises the last five years of the Soviet era and the transition from central management to market economy between 1991 and 2006. During the researched period, industrial production and water consumption in Lithuania decreased more than twofold. After the restoration of land property in 1991–1992, many former collective farms split into 330,600 small farms, covering 65.9 % of all landed property. In agriculture, the fertilization of crop fields using mineral fertilizers, for the period between 1986 and 1997, decreased by 86.4 %, the harvest reduced by up to 25 %, and the number of cattle and pigs decreased by 70 %. The article attempts to explain the pollution trends of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds in the Nevėžis River, applying the Mann-Kendall method to eliminate the influence of the alternation of river runoff. It establishes that the load of ammonium nitrogen and phosphate phosphorus in the Juosta at Jackagalis and in the Nevėžis above Raudondvaris, for the period between 1986 and 2006, decreased significantly. The load of nitrate nitrogen significantly increased in all of the investigated sites except the Juosta. Flow normalization does not greatly influence the tendencies of the monthly and annual fluctuations in the concentration of chemical compounds. The analysis of the concentrations of these compounds and load alternations reveals that tendencies actually depend more on the period chosen for the calculation.
Keywords: ammonium nitrogen, concentration, nitrate nitrogen, observation, phosphate phosphorus, river.
*contact person Dr. Antanas Sigitas Šileika, Director of Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – monitoring and evaluation of river water quality, modelling of river water quality. Address: Parko g. 6, LT-58102 Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 00, e-mail: sigitas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Kazimieras Gaigalis, the head of Water Resources Sector, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, monitoring and evaluation of water runoff of small streams. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 50–57 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
differentiation possibilities of the state subsidies for the maintenance of land reclamation structures
Valentinas ŠAULYS*, Nijolė BASTIENĖ
Abstract
The usage of land reclamation facilities could be more effective if a settled order of a land reclamation financing were changed considering natural conditions of regional agricultural specialization. Profit differences of regional agricultural subjects determine unequal possibilities for creating competitive farms. That is why the finance of a drainage system maintenance, repair and rehabilitation should be different. The article presents possible changes of the state budget subsidies for land reclamation when resources are redistributed considering the usage of regional drained areas and their economic potential. According to a given methodology, in the 1st stage the basic finance could be adjusted by 25 % at an equal 50 % level according to the increased land productivity point due to the drainage and undeclared areas of a landed property in the municipalities. In this case the basic finance for municipalities would increase by 5.57 % or decrease by 6.78 %. In the following stage it would be possible to achieve 50 % of a basic finance adjustment. According to this scenario, a basic finance for the municipalities would increase by 11.1 % or decrease by 13.5 %. If the demand for the drainage in different regions changed, the level of the basic finance adjustment should change as well emphasizing the intensity of the drainage usage and/or the productivity of a land potential.
Keywords: land reclamation structures, regional financing scenarios, state subsidies.
*contact person Dr. assoc. prof. Valentinas Šaulys, principle researcher, Head of Hydromelioration department, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, investigation of the usage and maintenance of land reclamation equipment. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: valentinas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Nijolė Bastienė, senior researcher, Hydromelioration department, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, drainage system reliability and maintenance efficiency. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 58–65 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
Researches of the groundwater flow REGIME through sinkholes AND ITS QUALITY
Povilas ŠUKYS*, Alvyda ŠAULIENĖ
Abstract
The investigation of two groundwater filtration flows through peat formed sinkholes established that the level regime of sinkholes and groundwater above is comparatively the same: the highest levels are observed in winter or spring snowmelt and it usually lasts until midsummer. It abates until the late autumn or even the end of winter, the mentioned level fluctuation correlates only partially (R2 = 0,46–0,76). There is no correlation between sinkholes and groundwater quality above them. Comparatively large N-NO3 concentration (to 18mg/l) in a groundwater flow, 30 metres away from an arable land under perennial grasses grassland, decreases 10 times and does not influence sinkhole water quality. Sinkholes in the peat formed relief pits accumulate a lot of surface snowmelt and rain water which not only refills the environs groundwater but also the water of the nearby streams during the dry period. In this season peat formed sinkholes water is at a higher level and less polluted with N-NO3, Cl and SO4 compounds. Percolating into a stream, it not only refills but at the same time attenuates stream water and makes its quality better though due to a larger concentration of N-NH4 and P makes it worse.
Keywords: groundwater filtration flow, karst sinkhole, water quality.
*contact person Dr. Povilas Šukys, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 687 74785. E-mail: lygis@water.omnitel.net. Alvyda Šaulienė, junior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 66–72 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
SURFACE (RAIN) RUNOFF INFLUENCE OF MEAT PROCESSING COMPANY TO THE QUALITY OF STREAM WATER
Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ
Abstract
The article presents the research results of surface (rain) runoff pollution in the territory of meat processing company, its treatment efficiency in the equipment and the effect on the Upytė stream in 2004–2007. It is established that rain runoff is mostly polluted by suspended solids. The increase of oil hydrocarbons is casual. The average runoff pollution by suspended solids in the four years of the research decreased from 37.0 to 15.0 mg l-1 and corresponded to the requirements of environment protection. Oil hydrocarbons, other chemical elements and their compounds (Ntotal, N- NH4+, NO2-, NO3-, Ptotal, PO4-, K+, SO42-, Cl- also BOD7) did not effect the stream as their concentrations in the surface runoff were lower than maximum allowable concentration from 2 to 21 times.
Keywords: concentrations of chemical elements, surface (rain) runoff, treatment efficiency.
Dr. Stefanija Misevičienė, senior scientific researcher, Water Treatment Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Research interests – ecology and environmental management, effect of manure handling on the environment, investigations of pollutants transformation processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 20, e-mail: s.miseviciene@takas.lt. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 73–79 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
THE AMOUNT OF NITRATE FLUCTUATION IN MOLLIC FLUVISOLS AND DEPENDENCE ON HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL FACTORS
Arvydas Povilas MALIŠAUSKAS
Abstract
In 1997–2007 carried out the researches on the nitrate nitrogen amount fluctuation in the soil abundant in organic substances and its dependence on precipitation weather temperature, ground water level and soil humidity. The researches were carried out in the right valley of the Nevėžis, in Vilainiai polder. The tested soils – Thaptohisti – Mollic Fluvisoils. During the time of investigation there were different meteorological conditions, hydrothermic coefficients varied from 0.57 to 2.0, annual drainage runoff was from 110 to 355 mm, the average ground water level was from 50 to 105 cm above the ground surface, the average soil humidity was 40–65 % of the porosity. The cultivation of the Mollic Fluvisoils with the crop stimulated mineralization of the organic substances and nitrate concentration. The nitrate fluctuation in the arable soil was larger than in the meadow soil during the year. The coefficient of variation in the meadow reached 0.44 and in the arable soil 0.66. There is a weak link between the nitrate amount and precipitation, weather temperature, average vegetation period soil humidity. A better correlation link was between the nitrate amount in the soil and the runoff and ground water level. The indexes of their link importance are closer or larger than theoretical.
Keywords: climate factors, fluctuation, land usage, nitrate nitrogen amount, Thaptohisti – Mollic Fluvisoils.
Dr. Arvydas Povilas Mališauskas, senior researcher, Water Protection Departament, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – enviromental engineering and landscape management, hydaulic engineering and hydrology. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 612 82 980. E-mail: a.malisauskas@water.omnitel.net. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 80–86 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
STATE OF RIPARIAN BUFFER STRIPS OF CHANNELISED STREAMS
Oksana barvidienė, Valentinas Šaulys*
Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the qualitative and quantitative indices of riparian buffer strips along the channelised streams in the southeast of Lithuania. During the research, 20 types of woody vegetation were found in these strips, consisting of 12 types of trees and 8 types of bushes. The most common tree types are grey alder (Alnus incana Moench.), common birch (Betula pendul Roth.) and black alder (Alnus glutinosa Gaertn.). The most common bushes were grey willow (Salix cineria L.), brittle willow (Salix fragilis L/) and European hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.). The total vegetation density was derived using the formula T=0.068±0.02 units m-2. The greatest tree densities were those of grey alder (Alnus incana Moench.) 1.09 · 10-2 units m-2, and common willow (Salix caprea L.) 0.51 · 10-2 units m-2. The greatest bush densities were those of common sallow (Salix cineria L.) 1.83 · 10-2 units m-2, and brittle willow (Salix fragilis L.) 0.82 · 10-2 units m-2. The research showed that 81% of the riparian buffer strips had a meadow or a pasture nearby. The average width of the riparian buffer strip at the Nemėža stream is 1.30 m and at the Mažasis stream it is only 0.77 m, which is respectively only 52% and 31% of the strip width required by juridical acts. The overgrowth of channelised streams by woody vegetation has a large influence on the overgrowth of the riparian buffer strips, as the overgrown vegetation found there is not destroyed (it is plentiful). The growing conditions in the riparian buffer strips are also more difficult with regard to levels of humidity and agriculture.
Keywords: channelised streams, riparian buffer strip, woody vegetation. *contact person Oksana Barvidienė, Ph student, Vilniaus Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and landscape management. Address: Saulėtekio al. 11, LT-10223 Vilnius – 40, Lithuania. Phone: +370 52 74 47 15. E-mail: Oksana.Survilaite@ap.vgtu.lt. Dr. Valentinas Šaulys, principle researcher, Head of Land Reclamation Department, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture, professor of Hydraulics Department, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and landscape management, efficiency of exploitation of drainage systems, water management policy. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: valentinas@water.omnitel.net. Received 05 2008.
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 33(53), 2008, 87–92 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture
EFFICIENCY OF PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS AS FILTERS OF VARIOUS CONSTRUCTIONS
Valerijus GASIŪNAS*, Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS
Abstract
Constructed wetland (CW) treatment systems are engineered systems designed to treat wastewater with the usage of the same processes that occur in natural wetlands. The full-scale investigations of free water flow macrophyte filters (MF), subsurface flow filters, including filters of vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF), were carried out in Lithuania. The data collected within the study period of 1995–2007 was used to estimate the efficiency of phosphorus removal from different constructed wetlands. It was established that phosphorus removal efficiency depends on the construction of the filters, the load according to total phosphorus for the unit area of filter surface, and the P concentration in the effluent. Subsurface flow filters are distinguished by better phosphorus removal. At the same load for all filters, i.e. total phosphorus 0.3 g m-2 d-1, the removal efficiency of subsurface flow horizontal, vertical, and macrophyte filters reaches 55.3, 30.4 and 12.5%, respectively. The pollution level of the influent for wastewater treatment in horizontal and macrophyte filters, by the same load to their unit of surface area, is more important than that of the discharge. In order not to exceed the concentration limit of total phosphorus after treatment (4.0 mg l-1), it is recommended that the influent concentration of total phosphorus is maintained below 10.0 in horizontal filters, 6.2 in vertical filters and 5.1 mg l-1 in macrophyte filters, when the load for the unit of surface area is 0.2 g m-2 d-1. When reducing the load on filters, influent of higher concentration can be used. It may not be economical, however, as organic pollution can be successfully removed by filters having a smaller surface area.
Keywords: constructed wetlands, total phosphorus, wastewater treatment.
*contact person Dr. Valerijus Gasiūnas, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – natural wastewater treatment methods. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 21. E-mail: v.gasiunas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: natural wastewater treatment methods. Received 05 2008. |
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