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CONTENTS
ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 5–15 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture IMPACT OF REDUCED LAND TILLAGE ON SOIL HUMIDITY AND LEACHING OF NITRATE NITROGEN Giedrius BAIGYS, Kazimieras GAIGALIS*, Ginutis KUTRA, Dalia Feizienė, Virginijus Feiza Abstract The article discusses the research data of soil humidity, runoff and leaching of nitrate nitrogen from the areas in which the systems of reduced land tillage are used. The experiments were carried out in Pikeliai site established in the fields of the Field Experiment Department of WMI of LUA, Kėdainiai district and in Dotnuva site, established in the plots of LIA. The traditional, reduced tillage, late ploughing and direct drilling (rows into which seeds are incorporated are loosened during drilling) systems were investigated. In both sites soil humidity was determined (by weight method). Drainage runoff was measured and nitrate nitrogen leaching was determined in Pikeliai site. In the majority of cases of changing the traditional soil tillage system with more extensive land tillage systems the soil humidity was lower. In the surface (0–20 cm) layer of Dotnuva site statistically reliable difference (Ff > Ft) was established in autumn and in Pikeliai site the same was established in summer and autumn. The nitrate runoff during the year of insufficient humidity was slightly higher compared with the year of sufficient humidity – 10,6–20,3 and 8,1–18,1 kg ha-1 respectively. The mean runoff reduction in the year of insufficient humidity during the research period was 33 % (p-0,05) (traditional and reduced land tillage variants compared). Keywords: environmental protection, land tillage, nitrate nitrogen, runoff, soil humidity.
*contact person Giedrius Baigys, ph. d. student of Water Resources Sector, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – water protection, variation and improvement measures of soil water regime and hydrophysical characteristics. Dr. Kazimieras Gaigalis, the head of Water Resources Sector, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, monitoring of water flow and quality. Address: Mituvos 9, LT-50134, Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 31 12 63, fax: +370 37 33 12 70. E-mail: gaigalis@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Ginutis Kutra, senior research worker of Water Resources Sector, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – soil and water protection, environmentally safe technologies in agriculture. Dr. Virginijus Feiza, the head of Soil and Crop Management Department of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture, Chief Research Worker. Research interests – land tillage, soil physics. Dr. Dalia Feizienė, senior research worker of Department of Plant Nutrition and Agroecology of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. Research interests – plant nutrition, soil chemistry. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 16–21 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture RESEARCH OF RETENTION SMALL PARTICLES OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS ON THE NEVĖŽIS VALLEY Romualdas PUKŠTAS*, Saulius VAIKASAS Abstract One of the ways of combating the pollution of rivers and seas is retention of sediments. Higher concentration of sediments in the water of plain rivers is usually observed during tides, when the amount of flow energy increases up the necessary one during the period of tides to lift and transport the sediments from the bottom and riversides. This is the period, when relatively small efforts are needed to combat water pollution, however, farming activities of the man in the valleys of rivers are not oriented to the solution of environmental issues; moreover, the peculiarities of accumulation of biogenic materials in sediments as well as their emissions into water are scarcely known. In order to fill in this gap, at least to some extent, the article presents some regularities of sediment formation on the bottom-land of the Nevėžis River investigated by us: pollution accumulation and changes in the fractional composition of sediments in the process of their turning into silt.
Keywords: biogenic materials, silt, small particles of suspended sediments.
*contact person Dr. Romualdas Pukštas, senior researcher, Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ground physics, measurement devices. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-5048 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. E-mail: rompaslt@yahoo.com. Habil. dr. Saulius Vaikasas, senior researcher, Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations and modeling of flood currents and riverbed processes. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 22–29 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Antanas Dumbrauskas, Algis Kvaraciejus* Abstract The principle of screw pumps invented by the Greek mathematician Archimedes are applied in machines for drainage, irrigation, oil well extraction, food processing. Archimedes screw may solve a lot of problems in polder systems: fish damage, use and maintenance of barrier construction for rubbish and etc. According to above mentioned advantages, screw pumps were constructed in several polders of Nemunas Lowland. Long time the use of screw pumps for water pumping was limited by low coefficient of efficiency, but strong environmental regulations forced to come back to screw pumps. Efficiency and energy consumption are determined by optimal parameters of screw pump at first, and precision and quality of production at second. It is important to know relationship of these parameters. There a not high research interest on screw pumps in Lithuania because there are installed only few of them. One of those pumping stations – in Nemunas Lowland Šyša polder system was chosen as experimental. Pumped water discharges, consumption of energy and water levels were measured during spring flood. Obtained results (relationships between pumped discharge and water head, power consumption and head) aloud to draw several conclusions and the main of them is that characteristics of installed pumps differs from real because water level in regulating reservoir of polder is not constant but fluctuates considerably. To achieve the optimal results the pumping station should be reconstructed to keep a water level constant.
Keywords: polder pumping station, screw (Archimedes) pump, technical parameters.
*contact person Assoc. prof. dr. Antanas Dumbrauskas, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Water and Land Management, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, flood prognosis, geographic information system. Dr. Algis Kvaraciejus, lecturer, Department of Water Management, Faculty of Water and Land Management, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental evaluation, restoration of disturbed elements of landscape. Address: Universiteto 10, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district. Phone: +370 37 752351, e-mail: algis.kvaraciejus@lzuu.lt. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 30–41 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture WORKINGS OF BEAVER DAMMED UP DRAINAGE SYSTEM AND A BEHAVIOUR OF THE ANIMALS WHEN CONTROLING BACKWATER LEVEL Romanas LAMSODIS Summary When there is high density of the population, beavers readily occupy open drains. Inhabiting and impounding the drains, beavers at once dam up subsurface drainage systems that fall into them. The paper provides results of the trial that took place in the beaver obstructed stretch of the open drain Žiedupis (the Nevėžis river basin, Lithuania) and its environs. The trial comprised the following subjects: workings of pond drains installed in beaver dams for lowering of water level; behavior of beavers reacting botch to pond drains and water level lowering; the conditions of tile drain tubes operating under damming as well as hydrological conditions of soils drained by those tiles. It was found out that: (1) properly installed pond drains were able to maintain water surface at the desirable level; beavers or swimming litter and ice did not stop these drains. (2) If the water column above the mouth of main drain was not over, the subsurface system was operating right enough and ensured satisfactory soil water table depth in the headed-in section of the system during a vegetation period. (3) Beavers caused heading-in of subsurface drains did not harm technical condition of the drain tubes more than it usually occurred in normally (by gravity) operating subsurface drains. (4) Although the pond drains, lowering water level in the ponds, benefited workings of drainage system, those drains did not prevent the beavers from building of new dams, and did not get the animals to abandon the beaver-site. It will be observed, that the trial was conducted under the following natural circumstances. (1) The catchment area at the beaver obstructed stretch of the open drain approximated to two sq kilometers. (2) The soil of the adjacent field was of light (sand, sandy loam) texture. (3) The years comprised by trial period were rather dry and worm as compared to the normal ones.
Keywords: beaver, beaver behavior, drainage system, pond water level control, subsurface drainage system workings.
Dr Romanas Lamsodis, Senior Researcher of Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – drainage systems and environment, biodiversity in agro-landscape. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai, Lithuania; e-mail: lammor@delfi.lt. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 42–47 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Decrease of Concentrated Pollution to the Environment in Venta-LielupĖ Basin Algirdas Radzevičius, Midona Dapkienė*, Laima Česonienė Abstract Cities, towns, settlements and industrial enterprises are the biggest sources of concentrated pollution and causes considerable negative effect to the quality of surface waters in Lithuania. In the article decrease of concentrated pollution in Venta-Lielupė basin is analyzed in the context of sewerage system extension. According to the prepared Strategic Plan, extension of centralized sewerage systems in Venta-Lielupė basin will eliminate around 30 sources of concentrated pollution. Seeking to estimate the extent of reduced pollution in the rivers of Venta-Lielupė basin the comparison of pollution was made in 2005 and in the future – in 2020, when all basin settlements with more than 500 inhabitants will be connected to wastewater collection systems. It was stated that after completion of intended Strategic Plan projects concentrated pollution of surface water bodies till 2020 will be decreased by 81 % according to bOD7 and by 34 % according to total nitrogen and total phosphorus.
Keywords: concentrated pollution, water sector management scheme.
*contact person Dr. Algirdas Radzevičius, assoc. prof. Head of Hydraulic Engineering Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: environmental engineering, wasterwater treatment. Dr. Midona Dapkienė, assoc. prof. at the Department of Hydraulic Engineering, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: environmental engineering, wasterwater treatment. Address: Universiteto 10, Akademija, LT-53361 Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 93. E-mail: Midona.Dapkiene@lzuu.lt. Dr. Laima Česonienė, assoc. prof. at the Department of Ecology, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: environmental engineering, water quality control. Received 09 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 48–52 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture REsearch of soil moisture and groundwater LEVEL in karst zone Aurelija RUDZIANSKAITĖ Abstract In order to determine distinctions of soil moisture migration into ground water research was carried out in the soils of light granulometric composition (loamy sands and sandy loams) of the karst zone. It was established that the amount of soil moisture varies most in the upper (0–10 cm) layer, the zone of plant roots and the layers with a larger amount of physical sand particles. The changes in the amount of the upper layer moisture are mainly related (determination coefficient R2=0.36–0.58) with the variation of meteorological conditions. In deeper layers these correlations decreased (R2=0.29–0.35 in 30–40 cm layer, R2=0.19–0.33 70–80 cm and R2=0.03–0.22 in 110–120 cm layer). The variation of soil moisture was more dependent on the average decade air temperature, than on the amount of precipitation. The amount of moisture increased with the decrease of the average air temperature. Deep (502 – 622 cm depth) the correlation of variations of the ground water level and soil moisture amount (0–120 cm layer) was weak (R2 =0.21) and it was somewhat stronger (R2 =0.30) near the sinkhole (ground water level varied from 211 to 408 cm).
Keywords: karst zone, ground water level, soil moisture.
Dr. Aurelija Rudzianskaitė, senior researcher of Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. E-mail: aurelija@water.omnitel.net. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 53–59 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture RUNOFF MODELLING OF MID LITHUANIA STREAMS BY AnnAGNPS model Henrikas PAULIUKEVIČIUS Abstract One of the most urgent environmental problems of today is pollution by nitrogen and phosphorus. Modelling is more and more often used in solving this problem. One of the models applied under Lithuanian conditions is AGNPS. The experience of applying this model shows that quite often the runoff of nutrients is not assessed with required accuracy. A possible reason for inaccuracies is an insufficiently precise calculation of runoff. The article analyses some aspects of modelling the annual runoff and its course. There were models made in two small basins of Middle Lithuania – Kraujupis (the Nevėžis tributary, area of 1,75 km2) and Vikšrupis (the Šušvė tributary, area of 30,4 km2). The modelling period was nine years (1998–2006). The height of the overall period runoff was assessed by the model with due accuracy – relative error is 7,0 %. The errors of the annual runoff modelling varied from 4,4 to 42 %. The determination coefficient of the relationship between the measured and modelled runoff data was 0,6. The main reason for modelling inaccuracies is inaccurate modelling of the annual runoff course. In the beginning of a year (January–April) the measured runoff depth is lesser than the actual one, and in July–October it is overestimated. The minimal inaccuracies of runoff modelling are achieved in November–December. The maximum inaccuracies of modelled runoff depth are achieved in July and October. The main reason of the increased summer–autumn runoff is overestimation of rainfall runoff by AnnAGNPS model. The maximum errors were achieved in the months of several heavy rain events. Possible reasons for errors in January–April are the inadequacy of the assessment of snow melting intensity by the model to Lithuanian conditions and insufficiently comprehensive data on the relief and soils of the river basin.
Keywords: basin, modelling, runoff depth.
Dr. Henrikas Pauliukevičius, senior researcher of Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and land management, geography and hydrology. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai, Lithuania, e-mail: h.pauliukevicius@takas.lt. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 60–65 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture MODELLING OF HYDRAULIC PERMEABILITY OF RegulATED STREAMS Oksana BARVIDIENĖ, Valentinas Šaulys* The article presents the functionality (hydraulic permeability) modelling of the regulated Southeast Lithuanian streams overgrown with woody vegetation and the possibilities to plan naturalization of the regulated streams. The research of woody vegetation was carried out in the Neris river basin. Having evaluated the influence of hydraulic roughness (Manning coefficient of roughness) on hydraulic permeability of the Nemėža stream it was established that the density of woody vegetation in the investigated section varied from 0.01 to 0.68 u. m-2. At the existing density of woody vegetation the hydraulic roughness established by hydraulic calculations reached 0.025–0.045. Under present hydraulic roughness coefficient assessed by natural investigations in all investigated stream sections, when spring flood discharge probability is 10%, water overflow indicator is positive; the water level in the bed (hV) is in all senses lower than the depth of a regulated stream (hG). The reserve of hydraulic permeability in the investigated Nemėža stream section is lost when roughness coefficient reaches the limit of 0.080. A further increase of roughness coefficient in the stream sections (0.081–0.135) results in the overflow of spring flood discharge of 10% probability in 8 of 23 sections, and in this case water overflowing indicator is negative. The increase of roughness coefficient up to 0.140 results in water overflowing in 10 sections; increase of up to 0.160 – in 19 sections and when roughness coefficient reaches 0.170, water overflowing indicator is negative in all investigated sections of the stream.
Keywords: hydraulic permeability, modellingregulated streams, overgrowing of slopes.
*contact person Oksana Barvidienė, Ph student, Vilniaus Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and lanscape management. Doc. dr. Valentinas Šaulys, senior researcher, Head of Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture; associate professor of Hydraulics Department, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and lanscape management, efficiency of exploitation of drainage systems, water management policy. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: valentinas@water.omnitel.net. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 66–74 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture APPLICATION OF FYRIS MODEL TO EVALUATE NITROGEN LEACHING IN THE NEVĖŽIS RIVER BASIN Antanas Sigitas ŠILEIKA Abstract Though the Nevėžis River basin makes only 6.2% of the River Nemunas basin area, 9454 t of total nitrogen and 298 t of total phosphorus enter into the River Nemunas from the Nevėžis River in 2004. That accounts for 22.2% of total nitrogen and 18.2% of total phosphorus load in the River Nemunas at Smalininkai. A conceptual FYRIS model was chosen to identify the impact of the sources of pollution with total nitrogen (N) in the Nevėžis River. The efficiency of the calibrated FYRIS E = 0.39 was fairly good and correlation coefficient: r = 0.633. The model application revealed that not in all sub-basins the variation of model N concentrations during the research period correspond to the monitored. The main reason for the disagreement between the model and monitoring lines is vast dispersal of the monitoring data. The best agreement of the modelling and monitoring results are for the Nevėžis River monitoring post upstream Raudondvaris which integrates the nitrogen pollution in the entire Nevėžis River basin. Here, the equation of the model and monitoring relation is close to 45° line in respect of x and y axes and determination coefficient: R2 = 0.49. During 1993–2004 research period 26% of nitrogen was retained in the Nevėžis basin on average. The greatest amount of N was retained in the headwater of the Nevėžis River with the dense network of ditches and streams and rather big number of lakes and ponds. The least amount is retained in the sub-basin upstream Raudondvaris. Here, the distance between the neighbouring monitoring stations is short and the amount of nitrogen coming from the upstream sub-basin is extremely huge. In all sub-basins the major amount of nitrogen comes from agricultural land, only in the sub-basin downstream Panevėžys 45.9% of nitrogen comes from urban territories. Having estimated the background pollution equal to the N losses from extensive pastures it was established that about 84% of all incoming nitrogen comes from agriculture in the Nevėžis River basin. A further investigation could be focused on modelling to which extent the nitrogen load from the Nevėžis River to the River Nemunas will be reduced, after having transformed some part of the arable land into pastures with low rate fertilization and introduced the technology of biological treatment in Panevėžys city waste water plant.
Keywords: concentration, monitoring posts, nitrogen, phosphorus, river, trends.
Dr. Antanas Sigitas Šileika, Director of Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – monitoring and evaluation of river water quality, modelling of river water quality. Address: Parko g. 6, LT-58102 Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 00, e-mail: sigitas@water.omnitel.net. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 75–79 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture EFFICIENCY OF BIOGENIC POLLUTANT REMOVAL BY TREATING WASTEWATER IN TWO-STAGE SAND AND PLANT FILTERS Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS*, Sigita Marija STRUSEVIČIENĖ Abstract In 2002 the researchers of the Water Management Institute designed three experimental two-stage sand and plant filters to treat the wastewater from the milk collection station, vegetable processing and cattle slaughtering enterprises, i. e., wastewater of high pollution. The work objective is to evaluate the efficiency of removing nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater by consistent filtering of wastewater through two sand and plant filter stages. The data of the research carried out in an experimental object – UAB „Agaras” (animal slaughter and carcass dressing) of 2004–2006 was used. The wastewater discharge was measured every day, wastewater samples were taken 2 times per month. Biological wastewater treatment by two-stage sand and plant filters reduces the concentration of total nitrogen from 76,0 to 27,0 mg l-1 and total phosphorus – from 6,4 to 0,7 mg l-1. According to these indicators the wastewater emitted into the environment corresponds to the environmental requirements (NtotalŁ30,0 mg l-1, Ptotal Ł 4,0 mg l-1). The nitrogen from horizontal filtration in sand and plant filters is removed under anaerobic or anoxic conditions, therefore, about 40–45 % of the total nitrogen part in the emitted treated wastewater is made of ammonium nitrogen, the concentration of which was established to be higher than the allowed one – 5,0 mg l-1. Phosphorus removal in both stages of filters takes places more or less equally – in the first stage the concentration of phosphorus is reduced from 6,4 to 3,8 mg P l-1 and in the second stage – from 3,8 to 0,7. According to the total phosphorus the wastewater emitted into the environment corresponds to the norms (DLK=4,0 mg P l-1).
Keywords: biogenic pollutants, runoff, sand and plant filter.
*contact person Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: ecology and landscape management, the impact of the handling of wastewater and manure on the environment, investigation of pollutant transformation processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 68020. E-mail: zenonas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Sigita Marija Strusevičienė, scientific researcher of Water treatment laboratory at the Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: ecology and landscape management, the impact of the handling of manure, urine and wastewater on the environment. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 80–87 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Analysis of Investigations on UNDERdwater and Drainage Water Pollution with Nitrogen Compounds on Farms Implementing EU Nitrate Directive Ginutis Kutra*, Kazimieras Gaigalis Abstract The data of underwater and drainage water pollution with total nitrogen in barn territories reflect the impact of animal husbandry farms on water bodies. The concentrations of total nitrogen in underdwater and drainage water were analysed in the barn territories of the farms with >750 and 150–200 LU. The concentrations of total nitrogen in underdwater were analysed in the barn territory of a farm with 20–30 LU. Fairly reliable relationship was established between the concentrations of total nitrogen in underdwater and drainage water. Determination coefficient R2 = 0.86, when barn territories are with 150–200 LU and R2 = 0.76, when >750 SGV. More reliable relationship was achieved between drainage runoff and the annual amount of precipitation compared with the relationship between the annual drainage runoff and vegetation period precipitation. Determination coefficients (R2) are 0.68 and 0.57 respectively. The tendencies of higher or lower reliability of increased total nitrogen concentrations in underdwater and drainage water in all investigated barn territories were established during the period of 2002–2007. Keeping large herds in one territory (over 750 LU) results in much higher pollution of underwater per 1 SGV, compared with keeping smaller herds in one place. The amount of total nitrogen per 150–200 and 20–30 SGV was 11–34 % lower compared with a barn territory of > 750 LU respectively in 2002–2007. With an increase of animal numbers in herds the area of a barn territory per 1 LU increases as well (4.3–5.1 times).
Keywords: barn territories, runoff, underwater, pollution of water bodies, total nitrogen.
*contact person Dr. Ginutis Kutra, Senior Research Worker, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interest – soil and water protection, sustainable agriculture, hydrotechnical constructions of soil protection. Address: Mituvos 9, LT-50134 Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone +370 37 311 263, e-mail: ginkut@kaunas.init.lt. Dr. Kazimieras Gaigalis, Head of Water Resources Sector, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interest – hydrology, monitoring of water runoff and its quality. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 88–96 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture RESEARCH OF INFLUENCE OF FERTILIZER WITH ZEOLITE ADDITIVE ON YIELD OF GRASSES, NITROGEN MIGRATION IN SOIL AND NITROGEN LEACHING Povilas Šukys*, Alvyda Šaulienė, Jonas Mažvila, Tomas Adomaitis Abstract The use of mineral fertilizers to increase crop yield is closely related with nonpoint source pollution. Ecologically, the leaching of nitrogen, not assimilated by plants, into deep layers is especially negative as larger amounts of nitrogen pollute groundwater. The objective of this work is to establish the influence of fertilizer KAN–27 (nitrochalk) with 6 % of zeolite additive on the yield of grasses and leaching of nitrogen under natural conditions. The experiment which lasted two years (2005–2006) was carried out in moraine sandy loams and glacial lacustrine silty clays of Biržai district in the zone of active karst. There were two trial variants with fertilization of N120(Kan-27)P120K150 with zeolite additive and without it and the yields of grasses in both variants were the same. The droughts and shortage of moisture during the research period of July and September of both years could have had influence on that, therefore, the yields of the second harvest were 4.5–5.5 times lower in sandy loam soils and 3.8–4.5 times lower in silty clay soils compared with the first harvest. The differences of mineral nitrogen concentrations in lysimeter water at a depth of 0.4 and 0.8 m in sandy loam soil were statistically insignificant. An unexpected result was achieved in silty clay soil: mineral nitrogen concentration was significantly higher in the variant fertilized with nitrogen fertilizer with zeolite additive compared with the variant fertilized with only nitrogen fertilizer. That could have been determined by a known zeolite feature to increase porosity of clay, thus more intensive leaching of nitrogen supplies from the surface humus layer.
Keywords: leaching, mineral nitrogen, zeolite, yield of grasses.
*contact person Dr. Povilas Šukys, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 687 74785. E-mail: lygis@water.omnitel.net. Alvyda Šaulienė, junior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Dr. Jonas Mažvila, the head of Department, Agrochemical Research Center of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of soil properties, fertilization efficiency and pollution. Dr. Tomas Adomaitis, senior researcher, Agrochemical Research Center of Lithuanian Institute of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of the pollution of soil and vegetation with chemical compounds. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 97–101 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture MODEL RESEARCH OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY VERTICAL FILTRATION SAND FILTER IN MILK COLLECTION STATIONS Simanas Aškinis Abstract Milk collection stations produce wastewater heavily contaminated with organic pollutants BOD5 of which ranges from 369 to 1388 mgO2/l. The average pollution of the analysed wastewater was 600 mgO2/l. There was not a big amount of biogenic materials in it: total nitrogen – 27.3, total phosphorus – 5.0 mg/l. When variations of wastewater amounts are great, sand filters of vertical filtration are successfully used to treat domestic wastewater. Model research was carried out to identify the possibilities of using these filters to treat wastewater from milk collection stations. These filters ensure wastewater treatment efficiency which is equal to 99.3 % by BOD5, 99.1 % by suspended solids, 91.2 % by total nitrogen and 98.8 % by total phosphorus. On the basis of research results dependence equations were made, they were used to calculate the amounts of major pollutants in the wastewater of milk collection stations, leached through a sand layer of different thickness. The calculations showed that filtration of wastewater through 0.6 m thick sand layer ensures treatment up to allowed limits. In such filter of wertical filtration the average treatment level would be 20 mgO2/l by BOD5 and treatment efficiency – 95.9 %. Treatment efficiency of total nitrogen would be 88.1 %, total phosporus – 96.9 % and suspended solids – 95.5 %. Preliminary research in the model showed that sand filters of vertical filtration can be used to treat wastewater from milk collection stations.
Keywords: filtration route, treatment efficiency, vertical filtration, wastewater treatment.
Dr. Simanas Aškinis, senior scientific researcher of Water treatment laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: ecology and environmental engineering, the impact of the management and usage of slurry and wastewater on the environment, researches on the transformational processes of pollutants. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 20. E-mail: s.askinis@takas.lt. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 102–107 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture EU financial support projects FOR THE RECONSTRUCTION OF drainage systems Dalia leliukienė, Antanas Maziliauskas*, Andrius Marinas, Inga Adamonytė Abstract EU Structural funds are to invest into implementation of EU structural policy. The aim of this policy is to reduce differences of economical and social development of EU members – states and to improve competitive abilities of disadvantage regions by financial means. In the Single Programming Document (SPD) for the period of 2004– 2006 Agriculture and rural development was chosen as one of the priorities of investment. The aim of investment projects financed from EU for agriculture water management is to re-establish value of depreciated structures by investment means in order to re-establish their functionality and value. From the EU funds 36 projects of rehabilitation of agriculture water management systems and structures were prepared and implemented until the mid of 2007. The total investment of these projects made 55.11 mln. lt. In this selected investment projects which were prepared in the years 2004–2006 according to the above field of activity “Agricultural water management” have been analysed, from which – 17 projects implemented in Kaunas, Mažeikiai, Rietavas, Telšiai, Plungė, Šilalė, Šakiai, Marijampolė, Alytus, Lazdijai, Biržai Region municipalities have been in detail analyzed. According to regional distribution the most considerable part of the support was received by Panevėžys region – 11 projects received 16.36 mln. lt as total sum of support. It compromises 29.68 percent from all sum of support. Least applications submitted and projects financed in Utena region – 1 application, which received 1.61 mln. lt of support. Analyzing projects in this article efficiency of investments was estimated by 3 quantitative indicators: comparative part of investment for one hectare; area of improved water management systems of common usage, belonging to the state by the proprietary rights; number of hydro technical structures of renovated drainage systems. Taken on consideration above criteria, the most efficient use of investment support was estimated in Kaunas and Telšiai regions.
Keywords: agricultural water management, drainage systems, renovation, Structural funds of European Union.
*contact person Dalia Leliukienė, Ph. D. student, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investment projects of agricultural water management. Dr. Antanas Maziliauskas, professor, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investment projects of agricultural water management. Address: Universiteto 10, Akademija LT-53361, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 37. E-mail: maziliauskas@hidro.lzuu.lt. Andrius Marinas, Ph. D. student, Reclamation Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investment projects of agricultural water management. Dr. Inga Adamonytė, lecturer, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – reconstruction of drainage systems. Received 10 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 108–116 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture ANALYSIS OF THE TECHNICAL STATE OF THE GROUND STRUCTURES SLOPES LINING Vitas Damulevičius, Juozapas Vyčius* Abstract Ground slopes are widely used in the construction of earth dams arranging embankments of rivers and other water bodies. At present there are more than 1100 earth dams with reservoir area larger than 0.5 hectares in Lithuania; of this number 414 reservoirs have the area larger than 5 hectares. It was carried out field investigation of more than 250 earth dams and other ground slopes in the different regions of Lithuania and it was determined that about 130 objects have some damages of upper slopes lining. Analyzing design, construction and operation of hydraulic structures it was defined that ground slopes lining is rather important component of the construction. Slope lining is always exposed to external climatic and other factors: water, waves, ice, wind, atmospheric conditions, ground, vegetation and even burrow animals, livestock and so on. Classic lining of earth and river embankment ground slopes and its technical state change are examined in this article. Investigation of earth dams and river embankment ground slopes lining was carried out in typical objects trying to identify shortcomings during construction aging, to clarify characteristic breakdowns, failures, their causes, scope, to submit proposals for slope lining repair works. This paper presents analysis of slope lining types more often used in Lithuania, lining constructions, their application conditions, positive and negative sides, typical damages of slope lining with concrete slabs.
Keywords: earth dam, ground slopes, slope lining, technical state.
*contact person Vitas Damulevičius, lecturer. Kaunas College of Forestry and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering. Research interests: investigations of the state of hydraulic structures, use and protection of water resources. Juozapas Vyčius, assoc. professor, doctor of technical sciences. Lithuanian University of Agriculture, Hydraulic Engineering Department. Research interests: investigations of the state of hydraulic structures, use and protection of water resources. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone: + 370 37 75 23 93; fax: + 370 37 75 23 92, e-mail: juozapas.vycius@lzuu.lt. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 117–123 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Sediment Retention in the Floodplain Areas of the Nemunas and ANALYSIS to Increase it Saulius Vaikasas Abstract The useful effect of self-purification of water-courses and what natural floodplains can have on sediment retention and water quality has been investigated in the River Nemunas. The investigated floodplain areas were divided into sections for evaluation of their sediment retention value. Due to the erosion of the soil surface about 4830000 t of ground particles was lost each year in the Lithuanian territory of the Nemunas watershed. Some of the amount is deposited on the soil surfaces gullies and sinks, but less than 5 % is mixed with sediments of river-beds and transported like small-suspended sediments into the Curonean Lagoon. Amounts of suspended sediments transported and deposited in the valley and floodplains of Lithuanian part of Nemunas watershed was calculated. It was established that about 15–23 % of this amount can be deposited on the bottom and slopes of drainage channels and rivulets. Approximately 10–17 % is retained in the pond of Kaunas Hydropower Station, and about 15–24 % is deposited in the inundated floodplains of the Nemunas Delta and wetland areas of its main tributaries. Thus, only about 100000–2150000 t or 3–38 % can be carry and is deposited in the Curonean estuary area/year. Hydraulic sediment retention measures and pollution reduction possibilities are discussed in the paper also.
Keywords: erosion and sedimentation, hydraulic measures, Nemunas watershed, sediment retention.
*contact person Habil. dr. Saulius Vaikasas, senior researcher, Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations and modeling of flood currents and riverbed processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: s.vaikasas@delfi.lt. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 124–130 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture INFLUENCE OF PIG COMPLEX ACTIVITIES ON THE ŠUŠVĖ POLLUTION WITH NITROGEN COMPOUNDS Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS*, Sigita Marija STRUSEVIČIENĖ Abstract Recently the development of animal husbandry enterprises all over the world is focused on capacity increase as larger animal husbandry enterprises are more successful in implementing more productive and cost-efficient equipment, automation of technological processes and reduction of production costs. In addition, it is possible to implement more advanced work organization and control, safety at work and environmental management systems in larger enterprises. However, large-scale animal farms cause a higher risk to the environment compared with small ones due to high animal concentration in one location. A pig husbandry complex producing about 25.0 thou fattening pigs per year as well yields an annual amount of 56.0 thou m3 of organic fertilizers (liquid manure, slurry and solid manure), which accumulates 80.2 t of nitrogen on average. The accumulated organic fertilizer is commonly used on the same land areas, therefore, it is very important to balance fertilizer rates with the amount of fertilizers exported together with the yield in order to reduce leaching into the environment. The research was made in the Šušvė river basin fertilized with organic fertilizer in the vicinity of a pig complex UAB “Litpirma” (UAB “Šiaulėnai” before 2005), Šiaulėnai local administration, Radviliškis D, in 2001–2006. This article presents total nitrogen concentrations and its amounts leaching from the complex to the basin, in the field drainage water and the Šušvė river (at a distance of 11.6 km from the pig complex). In the investigated Šušvė section biologically treated waste water from Šiaulėnai township and the areas fertilized with organic fertilizers come into the river. In total 11.8 t of nitrogen come into the river, of which 4 % (0.49 t) come from the township’s waste water and the rest major part (96 % or 11.3 t) is the drainage water coming from fertilized agricultural fields. Every year from 2.73 to 15.8 t of nitrogen (from 3.75 to 21.75 kg ha-1), which accounts for 2.9–16.6 % of the amount imported into fields, come to the Šušvė by drainage from the areas fertilized with organic fertilizers. The dynamics of nitrogen concentrations both in the river and in the drainage outlet is of a seasonal nature: in winter (January – March) concentrations were higher and in warm season (April – November) – lower. The Šušvė pollution by total nitrogen both above and below the pig complex activities range during the research period (2001–2006) almost all the time was exceeding the limit (2 mg l-1) and ranged within 1.2– 12.0 mg l-1. Due to the pig complex activities and intensive agriculture carried out the runoff of nitrogen pollutants increases from 14.9 to 29.3 % in the Šušvė river (at a distance of 11.6 km from the complex). This proves that the processes of spontaneous purification are not intensive enough to have the pollution form such size pig complex neutralized completely in this particular section of the river.
Keywords: manure, fertilization rate, total nitrogen, runoff.
*contact person Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: ecology and landscape management, the impact of the handling of wastewater and manure on the environment, investigation of pollutant transformation processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 68020. E-mail: zenonas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Sigita Marija Strusevičienė, scientific researcher of Water treatment laboratory at the Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests: ecology and landscape management, the impact of the handling of manure, urine and wastewater on the environment. Received 11 2007. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 32(52), 2007, 131–136 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture THE INTEGRATED EVALUATION OF THE CREATED DRAINAGE SYSTEMS AND THEIR INFLUENCE UPON INVESTMENTS Inga ADAMONYTĖ*, Antanas Maziliauskas Abstract In the article the influence of main technical indices and elements of drainage systems upon investments is evaluated after the employment of the integrated evaluation method (Weinschenk et al. (1992), Lohmann (1994), Heyland (1998). Analysing the whole of the reconstructed drainage systems the main index is economical result, i. e. investments and the whole of acting parameters – plenty of individual or interactive elements and indices of drainage system. The integrated evaluation is carried out according to various indices (the level of investments, the density of drainage laterals and collectors, the number of shafts, culverts, outfalls per ha, the coefficient of comparative density of systems etc.) as well as the evaluation points (EP) of these indices expressed by different linear measures are calculated. Thus, the indices of different linear measures are evaluated according to the undivided scale, i. e. evaluation point. The integrated evaluation is individual for every project, i. e. the system of evaluation indices should be created separately for every particular object. Evaluation results of the created drainage system depend upon the complexity of the object as well as upon the peculiarities of design. The contracting authorities themselves (once they had enough information on the whole and groups of reconstructed objects) could carry out such work. Other subjects able of carrying out such integrated evaluation of drainage systems could be consultants or designers themselves. It is a good and simple measure for the general analysis of profit project while preparing business plans. After the carrying out the net diagram according to the chosen system of indices and the level of investments it is possible to predict the efficiency of the distribution of investments or to choose an optimal variant of technical solution. Theoretically, it is possible to achieve results when the absolute majority of meanings are above the evaluation threshold (the index is above 5 in the scale of evaluation points). The instability of a system shows the digression of one result towards the side of minimal evaluations. In such case the whole system should be adjusted. After the achievement of the several net diagrams of the same evaluation of the reconstruction of drainage systems, they are very easy to intercompare. It is suggested to predict the efficiency of the use of investments according to the chosen system of indices and the level of investments.
Keywords: drainage systems, integrated evaluation, investments, reconstruction.
*contact person Dr. Inga Adamonytė, lecturer, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and land reclamation. Adresas: Universiteto str. 10, Kaunas–Akademija, LT-4324. Phone: +370 37 75 23 37, e-mail: inga@hidro.lzuu.lt. Dr. Antanas Maziliauskas, professor, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and land management; water management policy. Received 10 2007. |
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