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CONTENT Saulius Gužys*, Zita Petrokienė. PHOSPHATE CYCLES IN THE CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN INTENSITY 5-17 Nijolė BASTIENĖ*, Valentinas ŠAULYS. EVALUATION CRITERIA OF DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LAND 67-74 ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 5–17 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture PHOSPHATE CYCLES IN THE CROP ROTATIONS DIFFERING IN INTENSITY Saulius Gužys*, Zita Petrokienė Summary This paper presents the summarized investigations results about phosphate cycles in agroecosystem under the conditions of four crop rotations differing in intensity. Investigations were carried out over 2000–2003 period in a study object of Water Management Institute of LUA in Endocalcari Endohypogleyic Cambisols (CMg-n-w-can). Amount of mobile phosphorus in soil depends on agroecosystem mineral nutrition conditions as well as on productivity of one. A row crop rotation was characterizes by a highest productivity (532 GJ ha-1 yield of total energy) during 4 years. While by a highest energy efficiency was characterizes a perennial grass crop rotation (CET-12,2). Drainage runoff in agroecosystem depends on meteorological conditions and agroecosystem productivity. A higher productivity of crops reduce the drainage runoff. P-PO43- concentration in drainage water depends on amont of precipitation, amount of mobile P2O5 in soil and crop rotations. The highest P-PO43- concentration in drainage water (0,016 mg l-1) was determined in the conditions of abundantly fertilized row crop and Norfolc crop rotations. The total leaching of phosphates depends on drainage runoff, P-PO3- concentration in drainage water, crop rotation and productivity of one as well as an factors on mineral plant nutrition. The effective fertilization with P fertilizers with higher crops productivity, positive low-level P balance is limit leaching of phosphates by drainage. A rational and well-considered fertilization ensures steady, close to neutral P balance is the main condition for reduced non-point source pollution by phosphorus of water. Keywords: balance, concentration, crop rotations, drainage water, leaching, phosphorus, runoff, soil, yield. *contact person Dr. Saulius Gužys*, senior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – agrochemistry, agroecology, agricultural hydrology. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 671 06124. E-mail: s.guzys@water.omnitel.net. Zita Petrokienė, junior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations on plant nutrient migration and balance, water protection. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 18–26 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture THE INVESTIGATIONS OF THE IMPACT OF FLOOD STREAM ON THE SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN THE NEMUNAS DELTA Alfonsas RIMKUS, Saulius VAIKASAS*, Mindaugas STANKEVIČIUS Summary To analyse the clarification possibilities of floodwater, it is necessary to define and consider all conditions that may affect the process discussed. The sediment movement conditions in riverbed significantly changes, when river water floods into the valley, which leads to smaller water discharge in the riverbed. This is particularly important for river deltas, where the flooded areas are vast and significant volume of floodwater discharge runs through the valley. When riverbed discharge decreases, sand deposits may start accumulating in the main canal. Consequently, this lead to reduced conductivity of the main canal and increased floodwater discharge in the flooded valley, which contributes to the increased volume of deposited sediments in the floodplain. As a result an important function of the flooded areas to retain polluted silt particles and reduce sea or lagoon pollution in reinforced. Therefore stimulated need to assess this function in water flow conditions in the delta can arose due to the economic activity (for instance, new road constructions). Possible sediment (deposit) dynamic calculation methods are to be developed. The paper presents the improvements of this methodology. Keywords: bed deposit impact, flood streams, interaction, modelling. *contact person Habil. dr. Alfonsas Rimkus, freelance researcher, Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydraulics of hydrostructures, riverbed processes. Habil. dr. Saulius Vaikasas, senior researcher, Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydraulic modeling, riverbed processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: s.vaikasas@delfi.lt. Mindaugas Stankevičius, Ph student, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydraulic modeling. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 27–33 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture INVESTIGATIONS ON SURFACE WASTEWATER IN TERRITORY OF MEAT PROCESSING COMPANY Albertas STEPONAVIČIUS*, Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ Summary The paper presents the analysis of legal acts and normative documents currently regulating the management of surface (rainfall) wastewater. On the basis of this analysis, the investigations on the efficiency of surface wastewater accumulating in the territory of a new slaughter house of cattle and pigs SC “Krekenavos mėsa” as well as its treatment efficiency were carried out. According to the monitoring program, the wastewater pollution indices and research frequency dynamics have been defined in respect of the requirements of surface water monitoring. The dynamics of wastewater pollution in wastewater treatment facilities has been investigated as well. Having applied the differentiated runoff coefficients of the territory of the enterprise, the dependence for the calculation of wastewater amount was suggested. As it was determined, suspended sediment is the main index characterizing the treatment demand of wastewater accumulated in the territory of the enterprise. Considering this index, it was determined that maximum pollution exceeded the allowable rate of environment protection requirements 2.13 times within the research period. The average concentration of suspended sediment contained in wastewater after the treatment process decreased from 31.44 mg/l to 8.67 mg/l. Concentrations of other pollutants did not exceed the environment protection requirements therefore they may be released into open water bodies. As it was determined, the average amount of suspended sediment contained in the Upytė stream reached 17.55 mg/l. Considering this index, the pollution of the released wastewater is 50.6% less than the background pollution of the stream. Keywords: monitoring, pollution, surface wastewater, treatment efficiency. *contact person Dr. Albertas Steponavičius, researcher of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of the effect of wastewater, manure handling and usage on the environment, researches of landfill leachate and wastewater treatment processes. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102 Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +37 0 347 6 80 20. E-mail: albertassteponavicius@one.lt. Dr. Stefanija Misevičienė, researcher of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and environmental studies, handling of manure, effect of the process on the environment, investigations on pollutants transformation processes. Received 2006 11. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 34-42 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture THE VARIATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN THE NEVĖŽIS AFFLUENTS Saulius Gužys*, Laima Berankienė, Henrikas Pauliukevičius, Zita Petrokienė Summary This paper presents the summarized study results of pollution with total nitrogen and phosphorus of the Nevėžis and its eight tributaries during the period of 1992–2005 (with breaks). In all tributaries the concentration of total nitrogen was enlarged and 3 times exceeded the maximum allowable rate. The concentration of total nitrogen and its seasonal variation decrease with the rise of river basin area; the lowest concentration was observed in the Nevėžis above and below Kėdainiai (5.04–5.12 mg l-1). Leached amounts of total nitrogen from the Nevėžis tributaries was different (879–1692 kg km2 per year) and depended on arable areas in river basins (increasing linear relationship) as well as on the areas of forests in basins (decreasing linear relationship). The amounts of total nitrogen in the Nevėžis river almost corresponded to its amount in tributaries and was the same amount in measurement sites (above and below Kedainiai). All the investigated tributaries of the Nevėžis during the study period (1993–2005) were characterized as the down trend of total nitrogen concentration tendency. According to total phosphorus concentration, tributaries of the Nevėžis river are attributed to very clean (average concentration considerably lesser than allowable norm (0.08 mg l-1), semi-polluted (0.16–0.33 mg l-1) and additionally polluted with concentrated pollution (0.66–1.48 mg l-1). Leached amounts of total phosphorus distributed similarly (11–37 kg km 2 per year). According to total phosphorus concentration, it was similar in the Nevėžis river (above Kėdainiai) and some tributaries, however below Kedainiai the concentration of total phosphorus increased 2 times in the Nevėžis river (0.66 mg l-1). Leached amounts of total phosphorus also increased respectively (from 44 to 97 kg km2 per year). The average amount inflowing from the Nevėžis tributaries was about 22 kg km2 per year or 2 times less than in the Nevėžis above Kėdainiai. All investigated tributaries of the Nevėžis (except the Šerkšnys) during the investigated period were characterized as the downtrend of total phosphorus concentration tendency. The Mann-Kendall and the mean difference tests were used to assess the reliability of trends of pollutants. The reliable reduction of phosphorus concentration using both tests mentioned was only in the Smilga river. The concentration of total phosphorus in the Šerkšnys increased in several times. The major P-polluter of the investigated objects is concentrated pollution, thus it is insufficient to clean the flow from industry objects and townships. Recently, the agricultural pollution with phosphorus is much less, when concentration is fluctuating in a narrower range than allowable rate (0.2 mg l-1). Keywords: concentration, the Nevėžis tributaries, total nitrogen, total phosphorus. *contact person Dr. Saulius Gužys, senior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – agrochemistry, agroecology, agricultural hydrology. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 671 06124. E-mail s.guzys@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Laima Berankienė, senior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydrplogy. Dr. Henrikas Pauliukevičius, senior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydrology, geography, water pollution. Zita Petrokienė, junior researcher, Water protection department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations on plant nutrient migration and balance, water protection. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 43-49 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture INVESTIGATIONS OF GROUND WATER REGIME AND POLLUTION IN THE VICINITY OF KARST SINKHOLES Povilas ŠUKYS*, Alvyda ŠAULIENĖ Summary The most urgent problem in cultivated land plots of karst region of Lithuania is the protection of subsurface water from technogenic pollution. From the point of view of subsurface water pollution, the vicinity of sinkholes is considered to be particularly dangerous. Having analyze \\` d the regime of water in four peat-covered sinkholes and ground water of their vicinity it was determined that in respect of the hydrogeological conditions of the area, this regime is of different nature. Common regularity has been observed: during the periods of snow thaw and heavy rains of the year the sinkholes receive subsurface and ground water from the vicinity, while during the dry period of the year water accumulated in peat media of the sinkholes flows into the vicinity. During dry periods of the year water in sinkholes gets abated and the sinkholes are draining ground water intensively. When analyzing the interrelations of water quality indices it was determined that the quality of sinkholes and ground water of their vicinity is interrelated in most cases. Due to rather low runoff into the environment, sinkholes with water levels higher than that of ground water and containing higher chemical compounds concentrations make no adverse effect on the quality of ground water. However, those sinkholes are considered to be potential pollution sources of lower aquifer layers. Nitrate nitrogen is considered to be the most dangerous pollutant getting into sinkholes from agricultural fields with mineral fertilizers applied as well as from homestead land plots. Ground water of higher level containing this pollutant is inevitably the most important pollutant of subsurface water of sinkholes. Keywords: ground water, sinkhole water, water regime and pollution. *contact person Dr. Povilas Šukys, senior researcher, Geofiltration Research Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 687 74785. E-mail: lygis@water.omnitel.net. Alvyda Šaulienė, junior researcher, Geofiltration Research Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, relations between the regime and pollution of surface and subsurface water. Received 2006 11. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 50–56 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture INVESTIGATIONS OF REGULATED STREAMS COVERED WITH WOODY VEGETATION IN SOUTH-EAST LITHUANIA Oksana SURVILAITĖ, Valentinas ŠAULYS* Summary The paper analyzes quantitative changes of regulated streams overgrown with woody vegetation as well as deals with the possibilities to design the naturalization processes of regulated streams. The studies were carried out in the Baltic Highland in the river Neris basin. As the study results have shown, the frequency of slopes overgrown with woody vegetation in slopes stretches of regulated streams is na = 0.76. Lower and upper overgrown limits of woody vegetation on the slope are ra = 1.58±0.16 m and rv = 4.13±0.22 m respectively. The width of the overgrown strip on the slope is La = 2.55±0.24 m. The average value of density of the woody vegetation on the slopes of studied streams is t = 0.123±0.014 units m-2. The average value of vegetation density on western slopes (tv = 0.222±0.096 units m-2) is 1.85 times higher than that on eastern slopes and 2.3 times higher than that on south-eastern slopes (tPR = 0.098±0.025 units m-2). However, the disperse analysis of the data has shown that with 95% of confidence probability the average density values of different slopes differ insignificantly. In arable land the mean value of protective belt width was obtained to be 1.99±0.31 m. In 20% of all studied cases the width of the protective belt of the channel was less than 1 m in arable land. With the same hydraulic roughness of the lower cross-sectional part and other morphometric parameters, the hydraulic conductivity of regulated streams covered with woody vegetation in south-east Lithuania is more than twice higher compared with the channels located in the Middle Lithuania. From this point of view, south-east Lithuania is more favorable for planning ecological means of drainage systems in the discharge network, when trees and bushes are allowed to grow on slopes. Keywords: overgrowth of slopes, regulated streams, woody vegetation. *contact person Dr. Valentinas Šaulys, senior researcher, Head of Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture; associate professor of Hydraulics Department, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and lanscape management, efficiency of exploitation of drainage systems, water management policy. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT–58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: valentinas@water.omnitel.net. Oksana Survilaitė, Ph student, Vilniaus Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environment engineering and lanscape management. Received 2006 11. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 57–60 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture TRANSPORT OF POLLUTANTS VIA THE RIVER NEVĖŽIS DURING THE SPRING FLOOD OF 2006 Romualdas PUKŠTAS Summary During the flood many complicated processes of pollutants transport and river water purification are observed that result in the inflow of organic and mineral substances into the seas. Only the part of pollutants that remains in impounded areas after the flood is possible to be neutralized therefore it is particularly important to define the factors determining the sedimentation process. The paper analyzes the peculiarities of spring flood in the river Nevėžis in 2006, discusses the extent of the river pollution and specifies possible pollution sources of the river water. The objective of the research was to estimate the relation between accumulation of pollutants and aggregate composition of sediment. Keywords: fractional composition, pollutants, sediment. Dr. Romualdas Pukštas, senior researcher, Water Protection Department, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ground physics, measuring instruments. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail rompaslt@yahoo.com. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 61–66 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DOMESTIC WASTES HANDLING SYSTEM IN ŠIAULIAI DISTRICT Albertas STEPONAVIČIUS*, Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS Summary Within the scope of national state development strategy, the main prospects are to create regional wastes handling systems for the institutions dealing with the handling and management of wastes. Having implemented the systems, the service of public domestic wastes treatment for inhabitants and companies would be supplied for the lowest price. The service would be really profitable. Applying such systems, the handling process of wastes is managed by the regional administration, municipalities of districts, regional centers of wastes as well as companies providing with services of wastes handling. In Šiauliai regional wastes management system the principle “polluter pays” will be applied, i.e. the expenses of wastes handling will be paid by the owner of wastes. To cover the mentioned expenses, local fees are implemented. In order to ensure the integrity of the system, the same fees are determined for all municipalities of districts of the region. The fees are calculated on the basis of the same methodology. Total calculated handling expenditure of 1 t of wastes reaches 182.0 Lt for all districts of the region. Having analyzed and estimated wastes management conditions in Šiauliai district (landfill, wastes amounts collected by inhabitants, distance of wastes transportation etc.), and having investigated the optimization ways of common wastes input, we have calculated the handling input of 1 t of wastes. We are suggesting for the municipality to collect the fee of 165.45 Lt for handling of 1 t of wastes. The amount of local fees for inhabitants should be differentiated in respect of the amount of accumulated wastes. Keywords: expenses, input, region, systems, wastes. *contact person Dr. Albertas Steponavičius, senior researcher of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of the effect of wastewater and manure handling on the environment, studies of wastewater treatment and landfill leachate. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102 Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 20. E-mail: albertassteponavicius@one.lt. Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, senior researcher, head of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and environmental studies, effect of wastewater and manure handling on the environment, studies of pollutants transformation. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 67–74 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture EVALUATION CRITERIA OF DRAINED AGRICULTURAL LAND Nijolė BASTIENĖ, Valentinas ŠAULYS Summary Land reclamation practice is very important for Lithuanian agriculture. Land use potential and its value much depend on functional stability of land reclamation structures. Recent land evaluation system does not correspond to new economic principles and thus does not fully reflect the real land reclamation condition. The investigations on the peculiarities of changes in the value of agricultural land in respect of the variation in land reclamation conditions were carried out in Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture in 2002–2005. The aim of the studies was to suggest new evaluation criteria of drained land. The studies were based on the analysis of land valuation methods and mathematical estimation of relations between land reclamation conditions and agricultural land value. The paper analyses natural, technical and economic factors determining the value of drained land, i.e. the effect of draining on soil capability, the dependence of drainage systems reliability on their lifetime under different operation conditions, also the territorial distribution of land reclamation structures and economical indices. It has been determined that the evaluation of drained land is to be based on zone principles because the selected territories are distinct for their typical values of evaluation criteria. Common evaluation of a drained land is a function of correction coefficients that integrate the main factors determining land value. Keywords: agricultural land, evaluation criteria, land reclamation conditions, market value. *contact person Dr. Nijolė Bastienė, senior scientific researcher at Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering, efficiency of drainage systems operation. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT–58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 68109, E-mail: vegelyte@delfi.lt. Doc. dr. Valentinas Šaulys, senior researcher, Head of Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of the Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, processes of surface water seepage, water quality, water management policy. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 75–82 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSPIRATION PROCESS IN DAYLIGHT Paulius KERPAUSKAS,* Povilas Algimantas SIRVYDAS Summary Water contained in the ambient air and soil in all possible forms is considered to be one of the most important natural resources needed for maintaining the life on the earth. Water evaporation processes take place at the expense of heat the plant receives in the form of solar radiation. The total dry land surface of the earth evaporates about 70 250 km3 of water per year. To evaporate 1 kg of water, 2500–2550 kJ of heat is needed. Thus, moisture removal from the plant by transpiration is not solely a physiological, but also a thermo-physical process involving plant and agro-fit environment. The transpiration process is a thermodynamic process of moisture and energy exchanges by the plant with the agro-fit environment. The three thermodynamic factors (moisture content, heat and radiation energy) as thermal energy processes influencing plant assimilation within the daylight may be expressed by the equation of energy balance of the plant SQ = 0 and they must be treated thermodynamically together as a heat and moisture exchange processes. Theoretical thermodynamic foundations of energy (moisture exchanges with environment and their analysis in the h–x diagram) may be found in the previous editions of this journal. In this work we continue our further analysis of the transpiration processes. We present regularities of the processes of energy–moisture exchanges with the environment occurring in the agro-fit environment during the daylight as well as possibilities to treat these processes using the h–x diagram. Keywords: evaporation, heat exchanges, transpiration. *contact person Habil. dr. prof. Povilas Algimantas Sirvydas, professor, Thermal and Biotechnologies Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – plant energetic, heat engineering. Dr. Paulius Kerpauskas, acting doc., Thermal and Biotechnologies Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – plant energetic, environment engineering. Address: Universiteto 15, LT-53361 Kaunas–Akademija, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 17. E-mail: paulius.kerpauskas@lzuu.lt. Received 11 2006. ISSN 1392–2335 Water Management Engineering, 29(49), 2006, 83–87 © Lithuanian University of Agriculture © Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture HEAT EXCHANGE PROCESSES BETWEEN THE PLANT AND THE AMBIENT MEDIUM WITH ONE EXISTING GRADIENT (TEMPERATURE OR MOISTURE) Paulius KERPAUSKAS Summary Energy and medium exchange processes are the inherent feature of all living organisms and plants. These exchange processes as movement can take place only if corresponding gradients are present. Temperature and moisture gradients take part in transpiration process ensuring energy and moisture exchanges in the boundary layer of the leaf. In the natural environment with temperature and moisture gradients the plant experiences conditions of the creation of organic substance (assimilation), minimal existence and decay. The plants experience 9 kinds of characteristic energy exchange with surrounding medium cases (transpiration and heat exchange) out of 11 theoretically possible. In this work we present the analysis of two special energy exchanges with the surrounding medium processes, which take place with only one gradient (temperature or moisture). These are separate, short duration cases of energy exchanges with the ambient medium. The plant experiences them when thermodynamic processes in the medium change their nature with the temperature and moisture gradients changing their directions. Keywords: evaporation, heat exchanges, transpiration. Dr. Paulius Kerpauskas, acting doc., Thermal and Biotechnologies Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – plant energetic, environment engineering. Address: Universiteto 15, LT–53361 Kaunas–Akademija, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 17. E-mail: paulius.kerpauskas@lzuu.lt. Received 11 2006. |
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