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C O N T E NT S 2. Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ. Environmental evaluation of slurry applied on fields 4. Simanas AŠKINIS. Domestic wastewater treatment by natural methods 14. Valdas Irbinskas, Jonas Jablonskis. Are our lakes drying out? 20. Povilas ŠUKYS. Effect of ponds on stream water quality
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATIONS ON TREATMENT EFFICIENCY OF WASTEWATER FROM CATTLE SLAUGHTERHOUSE Sigita Marija STRUSEVIČIENĖ*, Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS Summary The paper analyzes the study data of wastewater formation, pollution and its treatment efficiency in a modern cattle slaughterhouse built in 2003. The studies were based on technological investigations carried out by Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Primary treatment of wastewater is performed in a fat separator; then the wastewater is treated in a device of chemical-physical treatment, and finally in retention ponds. After the primary treatment the wastewater is directed into two-stage sand-reed filters of horizontal flow. In cattle slaughterhouse the wastewater contains 4-5 times higher pollutants concentrations and 20 times higher fat concentration than domestic wastewater. During the primary treatment process (fat separator, physical-chemical treatment device, retention pond), 73.1% to 98.9% of pollutants are removed. After primary treatment, the pollution indices of wastewater from cattle slaughterhouse become similar to the pollution indices of domestic wastewater (pH – 8.5; BOD5 – 98 mg/l, Ntotal – 46 mg/l, Ptotal – 8.9 mg/l). After biological treatment in two-stage sand-reed filters of horizontal flow, the wastewater corresponds to the environmental requirements according to organic (BOD5) and biogenic (Ntotal, Ptotal) pollutants and may be released into the ambience. Strong and moderate regression relationships (R2 = 0.503-0.893) were determined between the concentrations of BOD5, SS, Ntotal, Ptotal contained in wastewater after treatment and the pollution load of sand-reed filters. Keywords: pollutants, wastewater, pollution load, treatment efficiency.
*contact person Dr. Sigita Marija Strusevičienė, senior researcher, Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – handling of manure, urine and wastewater. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone +370 347 6 80 20. E-mail: zenonas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, head of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – handling of wastewater and manure, investigations on pollutants transformation processes. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF SLURRY APPLIED ON FIELDS Stefanija MISEVIČIENĖ Summary In 1999-2003, the studies were performed on slurry application in different seasons of the year and its effect on nutrient leaching. The studies were performed in Juodkiskis test field of Water Management Institute of LUA. To reduce the extent of nutrient leaching into the environment, an optimal time for slurry application was determined during the studies. When slurry is applied in spring, the leached amounts of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 11.5, 42.8 and 20% less respectively, compared to slurry application in autumn. From the environmental point of view, slurry application makes no harm for red clover because NPK concentrations contained in drainage water did not exceed the allowable rate. When slurry is applied on annual plants, nitrogen content in the soil is to be considered. Keywords: slurry, NPK concentrations, nutrient leaching.
Dr. Stefanija Misevičienė, researcher, Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and environmental engineering, effect of slurry handling and usage on the environment, studies of pollutants transformation processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 21. E-mail: s.miseviciene@takas.lt. Received 2004 09.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATIONS ON WASTEWATER TREATMENT EFFICIENCY IN SAND-REED FILTERS OF VERTICAL FLOW Valerijus GASIŪNAS*, Zenonas STRUSEVIČIUS Summary Tourism facilities are distinct for wide-range fluctuations in wastewater amounts. In the studied travellers inn “Pastogė” wastewater amount was changing 2-6 times, depending on the season of the year and the day of the week. The wastewater treatment process is performed in the system containing septic tanks and sand-reed filters of vertical flow and fully meets the requirements for wastewater treatment. During the study period wastewater treatment efficiency was 98.0% according to BOD5, 96.2% according to suspended solids, 43.1% according to total N and 64.3% according to total P. Under the conditions of average load of filters according to BOD5 (1.4 g BOD5 m-2 d-1), the average pollution of wastewater effluent according to BOD5 was 11.1 mgO2 l-1 in cold period of the year (11 2003-04 2004) and 2.8 mgO2 l-1 in warm period of the year (05 2004-08 2004). According to total N, the average load of filters was 1.4 g N m-2 d-1. Nitrogen removal rate in the filter reached 0.35 ± 0.2 g N m-2 d-1. During the cold period of the year water effluent from filters contains more nitrogen in the form of ammonia, while during the warm period of the year nitrate nitrogen is prevailing in water effluent after the treatment in filters. The load of filters with total P was on the average 0.2 ± 0.1g P m-2 d-1 within the study period. Phosphorus treatment efficiency in the filter was on the average 46.5%. Certain decrease in P retention ability was observed. Wastewater treatment systems with sand-reed filters of vertical flow are not susceptible to peak fluctuations in wastewater amounts, therefore they are perfectly suitable for the treatment of wastewater in tourism facilities and other institutions of seasonal operation. Keywords: wastewater treatment, tourism facilities, sand-reed filters, vertical filtration.
*contact person Dr. Valerijus Gasiūnas, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – natural wastewater treatment methods. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 21. E-mail: v.gasiunas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Zenonas Strusevičius, head of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and environment research, effect of handling of wastewater, wastes and manure on the environment, investigations on pollutants transformation processes. Received 2004 09.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 DOMESTIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT BY NATURAL METHODS Simanas AŠKINIS Summary On the basis of personal study results as well as the data collected by other authors, the paper gives the comparison of domestic wastewater treatment efficiency in different natural treatment facilities. The studies were carried out in settlements with improperly arranged sewerage network, where the inflow of surface and drainage water into the systems increase the runoff of wastewater by several times. From all the three studied natural wastewater treatment facilities the most efficient treatment was that in sand-reed filters: here 85-95% of organic pollutants and 67-95% of nutrients are removed from wastewater. More efficient functioning of sand-reed filters was observed when the wastewater inflow from a septic tank contains higher concentrations of pollutants. For example, when pollution of wastewater inflow to the filter is 50 mgO2/l according to BOD5, treatment efficiency is 80%, when wastewater pollution is 100 mgO2/l according to BOD5, treatment efficiency is even 90%. To reach the treatment efficiency of 25 mgO2/l according to BOD5, the load of the filter should not exceed 6 g BOD5 to 1 m2 per day; in the case of treatment efficiency of 15 mgO2/l according to BOD5, the load should not exceed 3.5 g BOD5 to 1 m2 per day. The area of filters is to be calculated considering the normative wastewater amount. Excess wastewater amount should be treated in additional cheaper treatment systems, e.g. retention ponds. Retention ponds are best suitable for the treatment of domestic wastewater with unstable discharges and fluctuating pollutants concentrations; however, those ponds do not always ensure the removal of pollutants to permissible rates. Treatment efficiency of retention ponds is 49.6% according to BOD5. In warm period of the year wastewater treatment process gets obviously less effective due to favorable conditions for rapid reproduction of different autotrophic microorganisms that are using dissolved oxygen contained in pond, which results in the lack of oxygen for oxidation and denitrification processes of pollutants. Wastewater outflow from treatment facilities with retention ponds contained on the average 22.2 mg/l of total nitrogen. The main problem of such treatment facilities is low P-removal efficiency (only 29.5%). Therefore wastewater outflow from retention ponds needs additional treatment. To arrange field subsoil filtration, light-textured soils are required. Besides, wastewater distribution pipeline is to be arranged below the frozen horizon, which would not satisfy the requirement for pipes to be situated at the height of 1 m above maximum ground level. Pipes should be arranged only in the places that have no recipient for wastewater outflow after the treatment. The load of subsoil filtration fields should not exceed 300 m3/ha per month. From the economical point of view, the arrangement of domestic wastewater treatment facilities containing retention ponds would be least expensive. Such treatment facilities would require 1.5 thousand Lt of investments for the treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater per day. The arrangement of domestic wastewater treatment facilities with subsoil filtration would require 2-3 thousand Lt for the treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater per day. Constructed wetlands with sand-reed filters are most expensive – their arrangement would require 2.5-3.0 thousand Lt of investment for the treatment of 1 m3 of wastewater per day. Operational costs are however minimal in all natural wastewater treatment facilities. Keywords: domestic wastewater, sand-reed filter, retention ponds, subsoil filtration fields, impact on the environment.
Dr. Simanas Aškinis, senior scientific researcher, Water treatment laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and environmental engineering, impact of the management and usage of slurry and wastewater on the environment, researches on transformation processes of pollutants. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone +370 347 6 80 20. E-mail: s.askinis@takas.lt. Received 2004 09.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATIONS ON SEDIMENT POLLUTION IN THE STREAMS DOTNUVĖLĖ AND SMILGA IN KĖDAINIAI Saulius VAIKASAS*, Vaclovas POŠKUS Summary Expeditionary-laboratory investigations on the pollution of the streams Dotnuvėlė and Smilga (downstream Kėdainiai town) with heavy metals and oil products as well as the studies on the migration of those materials have been carried out. As the study results have shown, the migration of heavy metals and oil products in the strips of the studied streams occur according to hydraulic regularities of river bed processes: the largest amount of pollutants is contained in silt sediments. When evaluating the coefficient of pollution according to the content of oil products, the pollution of silt of Dotnuvėlė pond is considered as particularly dangerous (K0 = 16.50>10). Therefore, this soil is recommended to be treated to the pollution level less dangerous for the environment. In all the rest parts of studied stream beds the amounts of accumulated sediments do not exceed the highest allowable rates and those strips of the streams are capable of self-purification. The monitoring of those self-purification processes is recommended to be performed. Keywords: streams, sediments, heavy metals, pollution control.
Dr. habil. Saulius Vaikasas, senior researcher, Exploitation Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydraulic modeling, riverbed processes. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kedainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 81 09. E-mail: s.vaikasas@delfi.lt. Vaclovas Poškus, junior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – natural processes in drainage channels. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF PEAT REMOVAL ON THE GEOFILTRATION PROCESS FROM THE LAKE RĖKYVA Česlovas RAMONAS Summary The article presents parameters of geofiltration from the lake Rėkyva into the nearby situated peatbog. The study results were calculated by mathematical modelling. Mathematical calculations are used to present and predict ground water levels, filtration flow rates, gradients and velocities in the security zone. All the study results are generalized and suggestions to ensure the ecological equilibrium are given. Keywords: geofiltration, subsurface water levels, filtration discharges.
Habil.dr.Ceslovas Ramonas, professor at the Department of Building Constructions, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydraulic engineering, plane and profile seepage. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Kaunas-Akademija. Phone +370 37 75 23 22. E-mail: sk@nora.lzua.lt. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATION AND EVALUATION OF THE TECHNICAL STATE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES IN LAND RECLAMATION SYSTEMS IN KAUNAS DISTRICT Vincas Gurskis*, Jonas Juodis, Algimantas Patašius, Rytis Skominas Summary This article analyzes the technical state of reinforced concrete structures and constructions (bridges, culverts, water chutes and drainage outlets) in land reclamation systems of Kaunas district. These structures are very important for the functioning of land reclamation systems. Therefore, the major attention must be paid to the investigation of technical state and the maintenance of those structures. During the investigations of the technical state of 32 bridges, 28 culverts, 18 water chutes the main defects and damages as well as their causes have been determined and analyzed. The corrosion of reinforcement, degradation due to insufficient frost-resistance of concrete, bad condition of flashing are the major threats to bridge safety. The functioning of culverts mostly deteriorates due to bad junction of tubes or rings, through which water is being filtered or the ground crumbles, and due to bad condition of culvert heads. The evaluation of the technical state of surface-water chutes has determined the danger for their functioning to lie not in the reinforced concrete quality, but in bad maintenance. A number of water chutes and drainage outlets are overgrown with grass and bushes, or covered with soil. The results of compression strength estimation by non – destructive method are presented in this article. The paper also gives the results of concrete density, porosity, water absorbability analysis and their comparison with the designed values. Keywords: land reclamation systems, reinforced concrete constructions, defects, technical state.
*contact person Dr. Vincas Gurskis, associate professor, Department of Building Constructions, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361, Kaunas-Akademija, Lithuania. Phone +370 37 75 22 98. E-mail: vgurskis@hidro.lzuu.lt. Research interests – hydroengineering, building materials and constructions. Jonas Juodis, associate professor, Department of Building Constructions, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydroengineering, building materials and constructions. Dr. Algimantas Patašius, associate professor, Department of Building Constructions, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydroengineering, building materials and constructions. Rytis Skominas, Ph. D. student, Department of Building Constructions, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydroengineering, building materials and constructions. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATION OF DRAINAGE RUNOFF AND NITRATES CONTENT IN DRAINAGE WATER Benius BENDARAVIČIUS*, Alma POCIENĖ, Skirmantas POCIUS Summary Movement of nitrogen, mainly in the form of nitrates, from agricultural fields via drainage waters is a very important factor in non-point source pollution of surface waters in Lithuania. The main problem is the lack of suitable methods for controlling the leaching of nutrients from agricultural fields. Field experiments of drainage discharges were conducted by the department of Land Reclamation during the period of 1967-2003 on a field of the Training Farm, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Monitoring over 35-year period data revealed that the average annual drainage runoff varied between 25 and 444 mm. Drainage discharge amounted on an average to 33% of the total precipitation. The long term annual mean values of precipitation and temperature were 630 mm and 6.3 oC respectively. The drainage discharge depended mainly on the annual precipitation surplus. In 1997 the measurement of nitrate concentration in drainage water was started. During the investigation period only mineral fertilizers were applied. Under drained conditions rain and/or snowmelt water percolated down through the soil and dissolved nitrogen (NO3 -N) into was pulled drainage pipes. The effect of drainage on nitrogen loss when soil was un-cropped was more than evident. Normally, leaching occurred during all seasons except summer. The duration of vegetation season influenced leaching. A linear relation between the annual precipitation surplus and annual nitrate concentration in drainage water was established. Keywards: drainage discharge, precipitation, pollution, nitrate concentration.
*contact person Dr. Benius Bendaravičius, assoc. prof., Land Reclamation Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental egineering. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Kaunas-Akademija, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 80. E-mail: benasbendar@yahoo.de. Dr. Alma Pocienė, assoc. prof., Land Reclamation Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental egineering. Skirmantas Pocius, head of the Environment Protection Agency in Prienai, Department of Environmental Protection, Alytus. Research interests – environmental engineering. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 DETERMINATION OF FILTRATION COEFFICIENT ACCORDING TO DISTINCTIVE SURFACE OF MORAINE CLAY SOILS Vida SODIENĖ Summary While designing port quays, piers and breakwaters of gravitational type, the time of precipitate stabilization has to be established on the basis of filtration consolidation laws. In order to apply those laws, first of all possible vertical precipitate from strain of a hydraulic building should be calculated, and coefficients of ground layers filtration being in the depth of deformation zone should be established. In this article the laboratory method was offered to determine filtration coefficient of argillaceous soils. The object of investigations is glacial (ground moraine and ice marginal formations) argillaceous ground: sandy loam, silt loam, clay, complex clay. According to experimental investigation connection was established between filtration coefficient and distinctive surface area of clay and dust fractions. Formula was presented to calculate the filtration coefficient of argillaceous moraine soils. Keywords: argillaceous soils, distinctive surface area, filtration.
Vida Sodienė, lecturer of Building Structures Department, Klaipėda University. Research interests – physical and mechanical properties of soils, geotechnical design. Address: Laukininkų 3-18, LT-95189 Klaipėda, Lithuania. Phone: +370 46 32 64 83. E-mail: Vida_sod@yahoo.com. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 DETERMINATION OF SPECIFIC SURFACE OF MORAINE CLAY SOILS ACCORDING TO VOLUME OF DISPERSION SOAKING Vida SODIENĖ Summary This article presents determination of distinctive surface of clay soils by experimental investigation. Connection between clay fraction mass and volume of dispersion soaking was calculated and the equation (1) was computed. Correlation coefficient – 0.96. Formula (5) was deduced to calculate specific surface of clay soils according to volume of soak. Analysis of clay and dust specific surfaces was made. It has been established that at soaking Q>3 cm3/cm3 and clay particles making more than 20.5% of mass, the influence of dust specific surface area on general specific surface area of argillaceous soil is not great (Ł3%) and has no practical importance. Keywords: argillaceous soils, swelling, specific surface.
Vida Sodienė, lecturer, Building Structures Department, Klaipėda University. Research interests – physical and mechanical properties of soils, Geotechnical design. Address: Laukininkų 3-18, LT-95189 Klaipėda, Lithuania. Phone: +370 46 32 64 83. E-mail: Vida_sod@yahoo.com. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 NON-POINT SOURCE POLLUTION AND ITS MANAGEMENT POSSIBILITIES IN AGRICULTURAL WATERSHEDS Kazimieras GAIGALIS*, Jūratė MARCULANIENĖ, Aušra ŠMITIENĖ Summary Nitrogen and phosphorus non-point source pollution was investigated in three small agricultural watersheds in Lithuania: Graisupis (in Lithuanian Middle Plain), Vardas (in Baltic Highlands) and L-1 (in Žemaičiai Highland). Annual nitrogen losses made up 13.2, 12.7 and 4.9 kg ha-1, phosphorus losses made up 0.276, 0.232 and 0.249 kg ha-1 in the investigated catchments respectively. Average flow-weighted concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the rivers were compared with maximum allowable concentrations (MAC), 2.5 and 0.1 mg l-1 respectively. As the study results have shown, non-point source pollution with nitrogen appeared very often in all three catchments (the average N concentration in Graisupis was 3.2 times higher than MAC). Non-point source pollution with phosphorus was observed in 12-47% of investigated cases. If the effect of the main nitrogen pollution sources was reduced, i.e. if arable land was reduced to 50% of all agricultural land and nitrogen concentration in subsurface drainage from arable land was half of the current value, then nitrogen concentration in the Graisupis watershed would decrease from 7.5 to 4.2 mg l-1 and it still would exceed MAC. Keywords: non-point source pollution, nitrogen, phosphorus, MAC.
*contact person Dr. Kazimieras Gaigalis, the head of Water Resources Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, water flow and quality monitoring. Address: Mituvos 9, LT-50134, Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone/fax: + 370 37 33 12 70. E-mail: gaigalis@water.omnitel.net. Jūratė Marculanienė, junior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – chemical analysis of water, water quality evaluation. Aušra Šmitienė, Ph. D. student of the Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – water quality modelling in small agricultural watersheds. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 LONG-TERM ACTIVITY OF SAPROPEL AS LAND-RECLAMATION MEASURE FOR SANDY LOAM (HAPLIC LUVISOLS) Eugenija BakŠienė Summary The experiments were carried out on sandy loam Haplic Luvisols. The application of 50, 100, 150, 200 t ha-1 rates of dry calcareous sapropel in the crop rotation was studied. Manure (100 t ha-1) (M) was used in order to compare its effect with that of sapropel. Both manure and sapropel were applied to the first crop at the end of the first and second crop rotations. The treatment was renewed with 100 t ha-1 manure. Within the rotation further effect of sapropel was observed. Mineral fertilizers were strewed in soil before sowing each crop of the rotation. Analysis of calcareous sapropel use for fertilization on sandy loamy Haplic Luvisols shows that sapropel reduces the acidity of sandy loam soil, increases the amount of absorbed bases, humus, total nitrogen, and mobile phosphorus. The amount of available potassium decreases. By the end of the second and third crop rotation the influence of sapropel on agrochemical properties of sandy loam Haplic Luvisols is positive. Summarized results of a long-term experiment on sandy loamy Haplic Luvisols show that after 18 years all rates of dry sapropel increase productivity of crop rotation by 4-17%. Soil fertilization with manure increases efficiency of rotation only by 19%. Keywords: sapropel, manure, soil, properties, yield.
Eugenija Bakšienė, deputy director, Voke Branch of LIA. Research interests – agronomy-agrochemistry. Address: Žalioji a. 2, Trakų Vokė, LT-02232 Vilnius, Lithuania. Phone: +370 5 2 64 54 30. E-mail: eugenija.baksiene@voke.lzi.li. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 Possibilities to Use Sewage Sludge for Landfill Covering Kastytis Dundulis*, Saulius Gadeikis, Jonas DiliŪnas, Edmundas Jagminas, Arūnas JureviČius Summary Changes of Kaunas city sewage sludge geotechnical properties with respect to time have been researched. Results of research show that strength properties of sewage sludge upgrade in processes of its consolidation and destruction of organic material. Facilities to use sewage sludge for dump cover have been estimated by two different slope stability calculation methods. The research of laid sewage sludge in slope of Lapės dump confirms prognostic calculations. On the basis of laboratory experiments active leaching of metals from sewage sludge has been estimated. The received concentration of metals in the extract is considerably smaller than that in the leachate of landfill. Keywords: sewage sludge, slope stability, landfill, leachate.
*contact person Dr. prof. Kastytis Dundulis, head of the Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Faculty of Nature Sciences, Vilnius University. Research interests – soil features studies, regional engineering geology, methodology in engineering geological and geotechnical investigations. Address: M. K. Čiurlionio str. 21, LT-2009 Vilnius, Lithuania. Phone: +370 5 23 98 278. E-mail: kastytis.dundulis@gf.vu.lt. Dr. doc. Saulius Gadeikis, researcher, Department of Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology, Faculty of Nature Sciences, Vilnius University. Research interests – soil feature studies, field-testing methods, urban geology. Dr. Jonas Diliūnas, senior researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater resources and quality investigations, groundwater supply, draining mineral of resources and construction sites. Dr. Edmundas Jagminas, senior researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater resources investigations, hydrochemical investigations. Dr. Arūnas Jurevičius, head of Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – usage of groundwater recourses, groundwater quality development. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 Valdas Irbinskas*, Jonas Jablonskis Summary Lake water level is determined by the air temperature and humidity balance in the surrounding area as well as by anthropogenic activity experienced by the lake. Present article deals with yearly and seasonal variations of water level in the lakes. The long-term water level data from the hydrological measurement stations was used in this study. Abrupt changes in the water level fluctuations were determined to be caused by the hydro-technical developments on the outflows from the lakes. The consequent water level rise or drop is afterwards followed by water level fluctuation regime influenced by climatic factors. Differences in the lake water level regime were observed in various regions across the country. The water level fluctuation is generally comparable to that of river runoff regime. High and low water periods can be distinguished. The available data does not indicate any positive or negative trends in water level fluctuations. Key words: lake, water level, water measurement station.
*contact person Valdas Irbinskas, hydrology laboratory engineer, Lithuanian Energetics Institute. Address: Lithuanian Engineering Institute, Breslaujos st. 3 , LT-44403 Kaunas. Phone +370 40 19 70. E-mail: valhl@mail.lei.lt. Hab.dr. Jonas Jablonskis, Lithuanian Energetics Institute. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 PROTECTION OF GROUND AND SURFACE WATER IN THE ENVIRONMENT OF LANDFILL Mykolas Kaminskas*, Jonas Diliūnas, Gediminas Čyžius, Danutė Karvelienė, Algirdas Zuzevičius Summary Methodology of determination of leachate discharge in complicated hydrogeological conditions and effective technical implement of prevention are investigated in this study. The main method of investigations is hydrochemical and hydrodynamical monitoring. The impact of landfill on forming of hydrological components is shown in the case of Kaunas municipality Lapės landfill. Landfill was established in the crest till of side glacial relief. The territory of landfill is bordered with the Marilė and the Mačiupis rivers valleys (depth 20-30 m) from northeast and west. The one of the Marilė river ravines has been made as a landfill. Waste in collected in 38.7 ha area; its volume is about 2.7 million m3, thickness about 24-30 m. Drainage system is arranged around the landfill, where leachate from the surface is collected. Yield of leachate is about 70-100 m3/d. Another part of leachate drains to the Marilė riverbed and slope or with groundwater flow spreads in surrounding territory. Total amount of dissolved solids in the leachate is 17-18 g/l, groundwater flow transport contaminants towards the Marilė river valley. Contaminated groundwater changes chemical composition of surface water. Concentration of chemical components in groundwater, which is directly influenced by leachate spread, is lower (10 to 100 times) than that in leachate. There are three landfill influence zones: 1) intense polluted, 2) polluted, 3) affected. The most effective implement of groundwater layer cleaning in intensive polluted zone is vertical and horizontal drainage system. Pumped out polluted water must be cleaned by surface methods. The main methods in polluted zone are chemical rehabilitation of groundwater layers in situ by establishing strong oxidation and biochemical barriers. Monitoring of groundwater quality changes is enough for affected groundwater zone. With increasing groundwater pollution in different areas the same groundwater quality rehabilitation methods as in polluted zone could be used. Keywords: groundwater, surface water, landfill, pollution.
*contact person Mykolas Kaminskas, scientific researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater monitoring, physical simulation, field investigations. Address: T. Ševčenkos str. 13, LT-03223 Vilnius, Lithuania. Phone +370 5 2 10 47 05. E-mail: kaminskas@geo.lt. Dr. Jonas Diliūnas, senior researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater recourses and quality investigation, groundwater supply draining of mineral resources and construction sites. Gediminas Čyžius, scientific researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater monitoring and hydrochemical investigation territory, hydrogeological mapping. Danutė Karvelienė, researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater resources investigation, hydrogeological mapping. Dr. Algirdas Zuzevičius, senior researcher, Groundwater Department, Institute of Geology and Geography. Research interests – groundwater resources investigation, modeling of hydrogeological processes. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATION OF THE STATE OF PASTRĖVIS MAN-MADE RESERVOIR Leonas KatkeviČius, Liudas Kinčius, Antanas Ciūnys, Vilimantas Vaičiukynas Summary Pastrėvis man-made reservoir was arranged in 1962. Its area covers 67.8 ha, the greatest depth of reservoir is 2.7 m, the average depth is 1.27 m. The reservoir is rapidly silting up. The thickness of peat and silt layers reaches 1.5-2.6 m. Having established the average depth of the silt to be 1.9 m (that has accumulated during 40 years), the depth of the reservoir sediments increases by 5 cm a year. In the upper part of this man-made reservoir macrophytes, such as water lilies, reed-rush overgrowths, under-water or shallow water plants flourish luxuriantly. Water quality in the reservoir is bad: the amount of total nitrogen is 3.1 mg/l, phosphorus – 0.072 mg/l, BOD7 – 18.2 mg O2/l, pH – 7.1. Organic matter makes up 49.83% in the silt of Pastrėvis reservoir. The amount of heavy metals is not large (on trace elements level). Reduction of the intensity of the silting up in the reservoir requires to harvest and remove macrophytes from the reservoir at least once per year. Keywords: reservoir, bore, silt, macrophytes, hayharvesting.
*contact person Dr. Leonas Katkevičius, acting professor, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigation of disappearing lakes, investigation of water bodies renovation technology. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53067 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone +370 37 75 33 37, fax. +370 37 75 23 92. E-mail: vt@nora.lzuu.lt. Dr. Liudas Kinčius, assoc. prof., Land Reclamation Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – land drainage and irrigation, investigation of disappearing lakes. Dr. Antanas Ciūnys, assoc. prof., Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigation of disappearing lakes, investigation of water bodies’ renovation technology. Vilimantas Vaičiukynas, doctorate student, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigation of disappearing lakes, investigation of water bodies renovation technology. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 ESTIMATION OF BIOMASS CONTENT IN BIOSORPTION PROCESS Viktoras RAČYS*, Irmantas VALŪNAS, Daina KLIAUGAITĖ Summary The article represents method for estimating biomass content in biosorption process using thermal technique. A sorbent used in biosorption process films over with biomass and it becomes difficult to estimate biomass content and present it using identifiable units. Biomass concentration is important for technological calculations of system, estimation of oxidation potential, increase of biomass according to pollutants decomposed, etc. Thermal dissociation technique is based on different sorbent and biomass burn away temperatures. The results are relevant to perform control of biosorption process. Keywords: biosorption, petroleum hydrocarbons, stable organic compounds, biomass.
*contact person Dr. Viktoras Račys, docent, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology. Research interests – general and special wastewater treatment technologies, improvement of water quality, management of solid wastes. Address: Radvilėnų pl. 19, LT-3028 Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone +370 37 30 01 83. Fax +370 37 30 01 52. E-mail: racys@centras.lt. Irmantas Valiūnas, master’s student, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology. Research interests – general and special wastewater treatment technologies. Daina Kliaugaitė, doctorate student, Department of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology. Research interests – general and special wastewater treatment technologies, improvement of water quality. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 INVESTIGATION OF THE CONDITION OF LAKE VAINIEKAS Antanas Ciūnys*, Leonas Katkevičius, Jonas Juodis, Liudas Kinčius Summary Lake Vainiekas has an oval form. The area of the smooth surface of the lake is 4.94 ha; the altitude of water surface is 151.10. The greatest length of the smooth surface of the lake is 317 m, the greatest width is 186 m, and the length of shoreline is 932 m. The maximum lake water depth is 2.4 m (bore No.19); the average lake water depth is 1.2 m. The greatest depth of the lake water till mineral ground is found in the bore No.19 and reaches 9.5 m. The volume of lake water is 59 317 m3. 252 183 m3 of sapropel and 8 400 m3 of peat have accumulated within the limits of the smooth surface of the lake. The sapropel from lake Vainiekas is rich in organic matter (the amount of organic matter reaches 70-90%). The sapropel is rich in total nitrogen (2.5-3.5%) and total potassium (0.3-0.2%). The sapropel is not polluted with main heavy metals. Therefore, the sapropel from lake Vainiekas is a high quality organic matter. Lake Vainiekas was dredged with the help of the suction dredge that was constructed at the Water Management Department of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and manufactured in the joint stock company “Leimesta”. The sapropel was poured into settlers that had been arranged from polythene wrap fences not preparing the bottom as well as into the settlers stacked with soil embankments (with horizontal bottom). Having connected in series an additional pump into pulp-pipe, the sapropel was transported at a distance of 410-830 m within the geodetic overhightening of 10.2-10.8 m. Lake Vainiekas has been dredged in two years. 169 thousand m3 of the sapropel were removed from the lake (the layer thickness is 3.1 m on the average). The lake has increased up to 5.6 ha. Keywords: eutrophication, sapropel, suction dredge, pulp-pipe, settlers.
*contact person Dr. Antanas Ciūnys, assoc. prof. at Water Management department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigation of disappearing lakes, investigation of water bodies’ renovation technology. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53067 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Tel. +370 37 75 33 37, fax. +370 37 75 23 92. E-mail: ciunys.antanas@hidro.lzuu.lt. Dr. Leonas Katkevičius, acting professor at Water Management department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigation of disappearing lakes, investigation of water bodies’ renovation technology. Jonas Juodis, assoc. prof. at Building Constructions department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – properties of materials, investigation of disappearing lakes. Dr. Liudas Kinčius, assoc. prof. at Land Reclamation department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – land drainage and irrigation, investigation of disappearing lakes. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 EVALUATION OF CHANGES IN NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS LEACHING AND NUTRIENT BALANCE IN GRAISUPIS WATERSHED Ginutis KUTRA*, Kazimieras GAIGALIS, Aušra ŠMITIENĖ, Jūratė MARCULANIENĖ Summary Direct measurements of river water quality are expensive therefore alternative methods, such as a nutrient balance method, are useful for the evaluation of situation. The investigations were performed in the Graisupis watershed (Kėdainiai district). The changes in nitrogen and phosphorus balance on farms and on the average in the watershed within the period of 1996 to 2003 were analysed. The results of the balance method were compared with the direct measurements of N and P concentrations and losses in the watershed. At the onset of the investigation period (1995-1996) small private farms were established and the existing kolkhozes were reorganized into agricultural companies (AC). Fertilisation was reduced, agricultural engineering was worse and yields were lower. This is also evident from the nutrient balance (fertiliser input, nutrient uptake by crops and removal with harvest from the soil). On two analysed private farms 41 and 75 kg N ha-1 were lost in 1995 and 43 and 65 kg N ha-1 in 1996. Surplus P was accumulated: 30 and 11 kg P ha-1 in 1995, 12 and 2.1 kg P ha-1 in 1996 respectively. N balance in the AC was negative (-110 kg N ha–1) in 1995 as well as on the private family farms, but the situation has soon improved. On the average 175 kg N ha-1 were lost in 1995 and 34 kg N ha-1 were lost in 1996 in two AC. P was reduced by 7 and 8 kg P ha-1 respectively. At the end of the investigations (2003) soil tillage was improved and fertilisation corresponded to crop fertilizers demand. In 2003, the difference between the input and uptake was insignificant (+7.9 kg N ha-1 and -6.4 kg P ha-1) and might be considered as environmentally friendly balance. When the input and uptake of nutrients are nearly the same, then N and P losses into the river are expected to be lower. The latter was partly confirmed by N concentrations and losses in the Graisupis watershed that have a slight tendency to decrease in 1996-2003 (R2 = 0.08 and 0.2). The studied P losses has not approved the tendencies therefore the investigations should be continued. Keywords: nitrogen, phosphorus, farming balance, soil balance, watershed.
*contact person Dr. Ginutis Kutra, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Research interests – water protection, sustainable use of nutrients. Address: Mituvos 9, LT-50134 Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone + 370 37 31 12 63, fax + 370 37 33 12 70. E-mail: Ginas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Kazimieras Gaigalis, the head of Water Resources Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, water runoff and quality monitoring. Jūratė Marculanienė, junior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – chemical analysis of water, water quality evaluation. Aušra Šmitienė, doctorate student, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture Research interests – water quality modelling in small agricultural watersheds. Received 10 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 26(46), 2004 EFFECT OF PONDS ON STREAM WATER QUALITY Povilas ŠUKYS Summary In Lithuania over 420 river-type ponds with the area of more than 5 ha each are arranged. The formation of affluent results in lower water flow velocities, accumulation of sediments as well as changes in physical, chemical and biological indices of water. A serious problem is the anthropogenic eutrophication of streams, which causes decreased resistance of aquatic ecosystems of streams and rivers. Having studied water quality of 6 streams flowing through 5-110-ha ponds (in most cases pollution of streams with DIN and Ptotal exceeded the rate innocuous for eutrophication) it was determined that Ptotal concentrations decreased more significantly (about 2.8 times) compared to the concentrations of DIN that decreased only by 12%. According to BOD7, no significant changes in organic matter concentrations contained in water were observed after the water had flown through ponds during the cold period of the year. However, during the vegetation period 1.4 times higher and 1.3 times lower organic matter concentrations were determined in water flowing through small (area 5 to 10 ha) and larger ponds respectively. Keywords: stream, pond, mineral nitrogen, total phosphorus, BOD7.
Dr. Povilas Šukys, senior researcher, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture; associate professor Economics Department, Kaunas Technological University. Research interests – environmental engineering, relationship between surface and ground water regime and pollution. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kėdainiai district, Lithuania. Phone +370 347 6 80 08. E-mail: lygis@water.omnitel.net. Received 10 2004. |
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