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C O N T E NT S 5. Romualdas GIRKUS, Viktoras LUKOSEVICIUS. Name of the lakes of Lithuania in today’s transactions 7. Zydrunas VYCIUS. Influence of mathematical net step on calculation of geofiltration 10. Antanas CiUnys, Feliksas Mikuckis. Research on the restoration possibilities of Lake Talsa ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 Investigation of the run-of-river and diversion types of hydropower development in the Nemunas river at Birštonas Juozas BURNEIKIS*, Petras Punys, Dainius TIRUnas Summary The article deals with the possible usage of hydraulic energy. Classification of hydraulic energy usage is given here. There have also been analysed all possible navigation schemes that are used next to large hydropower stations. The basic theme this article deals with is the usage of hydropower energy in the mid-river zone of the largest Lithuanian river – the Nemunas. This possible zone is planned to be arranged above the reservoir of the existing one – Kaunas hydropower station. The main problem is the type of Birstonas HPP (run-of-river or diversion). The efficiency of diversion scheme was evaluated. This type of power station was found to be more complicated (a larger number of hydraulic structures is needed) and more costly. Therefore it would be more popular to use the run-of-river scheme in the flatland territories. Moreover, one run-of-river type power station (Kaunas HPP) already exists below Birstonas and the diversion scheme may complicate the navigation in the river Nemunas. In conclusion the run-of-river type was proposed, but final decision will be made only after detailed technical-economical calculations will be done. Keywords: Birstonas meander, schemes of navigation locks and hydropower stations, run-of-river HS and diversion HS.
*contact person Dr. habil Juozas Burneikis, senior associate professor of energy and economy department, Lithuanian Energy Institute. Research interests – water resources, hydropower, economy and ecology. Address: Breslaujos 3, LT-3035 Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 45 35 50. E-mail: dalia@isag.lei.lt. Dr. Petras Punys, head of Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, hydropower, management of water resources. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Kaunas-Akademija. Phone: +370 37 39 73 37. E-mail: punys@eko.lzua.lt. Dainius Tirunas, master, doctorate student, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Kaunas-Akademija. Phone: +370 612 7 58 13. E-mail: tirunas@hidro.lzuu.lt. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 HISTORICAL AND HIDROLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WATER REGIME REGULATION IN THE NEMUNAS FLOODPLAIN Arvydas Povilas MALISAUSKAS*, Vytautas MORKUNAS Summary The transitional period ensured favorable conditions for the reorganization of economy and social sector as well as for the protection and development of distinctive natural environment in the flooded territory. The changes in the regime of water pumping from polders enhanced the changes in ground water regime. The duration of ground water tables in summer polders drained by gravity and with the help of pumps differed several times. Currently, pumps in summer polders are functioning according to the operation levels adapted to meadows of medium ground surface height. During the years of normal moisture regime about 20-30% of meadows contain moisture surplus. In the areas of previously existed polders that now are drained by gravity and situated in the lower part of the delta only the meadows with surface level higher than medium are suitable for the exploitation; in the upper part of the delta the meadows with medium and lower surface level are siutable for exploitation. The meadows of medium ground surface level are distinct for the most stable productivity of grass with the best botanic composition. Different biotops necessary for the environment might be protected and developed in wet meadows with limited usage possibilities. In pump-drained polders the water regime is differentiated in basin areas separated from the pump-house and then it is adjusted considering the needs of users. Keywords: polder, pumping regime, water tables, flooded meadows, natural environment.
*contact person Dr. Arvydas Povilas Malisauskas, senior researcher, head of Polder Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydraulic engineering, hydrology of small river basins. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai, LT-58102 Kedainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 09. E-mail: a.malisauskas@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Vytautas Morkunas, deputy director for science, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, soil draining. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 POTASSIUM CYCLES IN AGROECOSYSTEM UNDER THE INFLUENCE OF DIFFERENT CROP ROTATIONS AND FERTILIZATION Ramute Aksomaitiene*, Saulius Guzys, Ada Pleseviciene Summary Fertilization ensures about 25-30% of yield in Lithuania. The effect of various agricultural means and fertilization systems on the productivity of agricultural crops was investigated widely enough. However, the complex investigations of individual nutrient cycles in agroecosystem are scarce. The paper presents summarized results of investigations of various crop rotations and fertilization systems. The investigations were performed in the Middle Lowland of Lithuania in 1997-2003 and in the Lithuanian Seacoast Lowland in 1977-1992. The study object contained non-acid Endocalcari Endohypogleyic cambisols, acid Bathihypogleyic – Albic luvisols and limed Dystri – Endohypergleyic cambisols. The amount of potassium contained in soil depends on geochemical soil media, types of crops and fertilization. Row crop rotation was of the highest productivity as here the efficiency of fertilization systems was predetermined by the geochemical soil media. The concentration of potassium in drainage water and its leached amounts depended on the precipitation, the type and productivity of crop rotation. The perennial grass crop rotation was distinct for the most intensive potassium migration. K balance mostly depends on crop rotation, fertilization systems and geochemical soil media. Keywords: potassium, crop rotation, fertilization systems.
*contact person Dr. Ramute Aksomaitiene, senior researcher, Head of Chemical Analysis Laboratory, Water Managemant Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of plant nutrient migration and balance, agroecology, water protection. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102, Vilainiai, Kedainiai district, Lithuania. Phone +370 347 6 80 00. E-mail: chal@water.omnitel.net. Dr. Saulius Guzys, senior researcher, Chemical Analysis Laboratory, Water Managemant Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests - agrochemistry, agroecology, agricultural hydrology. Dr. Ada Pleseviciene, senior researcher, Vezaiciai Branch of the Lithuanina Institute of Agriculture. Research interests – agrochemistry in acid and limed soils. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 Soil moisture dynamics in sandy loam soils under the cultivation of strawberries Laima TaparauskienE Summary The work was carried out in Kaunas district (Lithuania) in 2001-2003. Effects of irrigation on the growth and yield of strawberries were studied in open fields. The aim of this work was to evaluate the optimal soil moisture regime in sandy loam soils for strawberries. Due to shallow root system, strawberries are sensitive to drought as well as over-irrigation. In order to get equable and rich yield, strawberries need to be irrigated in Lithuania. Therefore it is essential to know water requirements and soil moisture regime. Irrigation was scheduled by a thermostatic method. Optimal soil water regime in sandy loam was determined to be between 80 and 100 percent of field capacity. A single rate of irrigation is 200 m3/ha. In the extremely warm year 2002 the irrigation rate was 2600 m3/ha. The relationship between soil moisture content in active soil layer (0-30 cm deep) and soil moisture content in the layer of 0-10 cm, 10-20 cm and 20-30 cm deep has been evaluated. The best results were observed between the active soil layer and subsoil layer of 0-10 cm depth (for sandy loam). Keywords: soil moisture, irrigation, strawberries.
Laima Taparauskiene, doctorate student of Land Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – water demand of crops. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53067 Kaunas-Akademija. Phone: +370 37 75 23 80. E-mail: ltlaima@hotmail.com. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 NAME OF THE LAKES OF LITHUANIA IN TODAY’S TRANSACTIONS Romualdas GIRKUS*, Viktoras LUKOSEVICIUS Summary Currently, a few imposing publications on the occasion of memorable anniversaries of the state were published, State Prizes for monographs representing Lithuania in historical and geographical aspects were handed over. For example, in 2001 Lithuanian Energetics Institute published the book “Rivers of Lithuania”; in 1998-1999 Geography Institute published two monographs about Lithuania’s water resources and environment. There are also publications containing summarized study results of recent researches. The study objects specified in those publications are closely related to the names of localities of Lithuania. The year 2004 was announced as the year of Lithuanian language; therefore authors of this publication have made the analysis of some new representative publications from the aspect of the index of Lithuanian hydronyms. As the analysis results have shown, in most cases the names of rivers and lakes are not given as standards, which contradicts the principles of the usage of Lithuanian names of localities, misleads the users and gives no possibilities for the determination of the right localization of objects in a vicinity. Keywords: index of proper names, hydronyms, cadastre, hydrography.
*contact person Romualdas Girkus, chief specialist for heritage, Institute of Aerogeodesy. Research interests – history of geodesy and cartography. Address: Pramones street 13, LT-51327 Kaunas, Lithuania. E-mail: info@agi.lt. Dr. Viktoras Lukosevicius, associate professor, head of Civil Engineering Department, Kaunas Technological University. Research interests– history of geodesy and cartography. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 BIOCHEMICAL TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER POLLUTED WITH PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN JSC “KLAIPEDOS NAFTA” Viktoras RACYS, Daina KLIAUGAITE* Summary The article represents pilot modeling results of wastewater polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons tertiary treatment process in JSC “Klaipedos nafta”. Experiments were carried out with the help of three biomass hybrid growth wastewater treatment systems: I – activated sludge fluidized bed system (MB), II – activated sludge immersed media system (SB), III – biosorption - modified fluidized bed system with sorbent media (BB). The main measured parameters for comparing these systems were: biomass concentration (mg/l) and treatment efficiency according to total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) (mg/l). All three studied systems based on biochemical process, as was referred in literature, showed high wastewater treatment value according to TPH – 0,1 mg/l. It was impossible to keep stable process by using active sludge fluidized bed (MB) and immersed bed systems (SB) because of biomass destruction during treatment process. As most efficient system for final TPH removal from wastewater was BB (biosorption). Keywords: biochemical wastewater reatment, biosorption, wastewater polluted with petroleum hydrocarbons.
*contact person Viktoras Racys, docent, Engineering Ecology Department, Kaunas Technological University. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management. Daina Kliaugaite, doctorate student, Engineering Ecology Department, Kaunas Technological University. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management. Address: Radvilenu 19, LT-3028 Kaunas, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 30 01 82, fax: +370 37 30 01 52. El.p. daiklia@stud.ktu.lt. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 INFLUENCE OF MATHEMATICAL NET STEP ON CALCULATION OF GEOFILTRATION Zydrunas VYCIUS Summary Water geofiltration around, under or through the constructions and equipment is one of the most important environmental factors that influence their durability, endurance and exploitation conditions. In natural environment geofiltration takes place everywhere at any time. Therefore, during the processes of planning, building and exploiting buildings and equipment it is necessary to know the most important parameters of geofiltration, such as present and anticipated levels and depths of ground water, geofiltration rates, velocity and directions. The calculation results and their accuracy depend on the correctness and accuracy of initial input data and the formation of the model of modelling territory. Data is filled in the intersections of the rectangular mathematical net that covers the modelling territory. The mathematical net should be chosen so that the input data in the intersections forms a calculation model as close as possible to reality. If the initial input data of the model differs from reality, the results of calculations will be inaccurate. That is why using the PLAFI program for calculation of geofiltration it is very important to choose appropriate step of the mathematical net in susceptible zones of the hydrographic net. The step should correspond to variable initial input data of modelling territory. The consolidation of the mathematical net does not always increase the accuracy. In this case a big additional work can be done which does not influence the results of calculations and their precision. It is time-consuming process, which requires a lot of efforts and thoroughness. Furthermore, it makes the calculation model complicated and increases the possibility for errors to occur. This research aims to determine when and under what conditions sparse and dense step of the mathematical net should be used when modelling a canal and how it influences the results of calculations and their accuracy. Such tests were not attempted before. The research also aims to master the process of the formation and calculation of models and to explore possibilities for the application of the PLAFI program. During the research the influence of canals on calculation results were analysed and models were produced. All calculations were made using a computer-running PLAFI program. Keywords: PLAFI, ground water seepage, calculation, mathematical net, water level, discharge.
Zydrunas Vycius, doctorate student, Building Constructions Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – development and optimization of the mathematical modelling process of ground water seepage. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Akademija, Kaunas district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 39 77 22. E-mail: vzydrius@mail.com. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN IONS IN WATERBODIES OF THE CATCHMENT AREA OF LAKE LENAS Arvydas Povilas MALISAUSKAS Summary The studies were carried out in periodically flowing hydrographic complex of the catchment area of Lake Lenas. The complex comprises the lake, its influent and effluent. During the studies the distribution and fluctuations of the main ions in surface water bodies were determined. Concentration of ions in influent water was 272 to 585 mg/l, in effluent water it was 213 to 329 mg/l, i.e. 35% lower on the average. The periods abundant in water are usually distinct for lower ions concentrations. This pattern is more characteristic to the influent than the lake. Annual runoff of the main ions depends on the annual water runoff as well as on the velocity of water circulation in the lake. During the years abundant in water (10% runoff probability) the runoff of ions was 2-3 times higher than in the years less abundant in water (70% runoff probability). The runoff of the main ions was fluctuating from 44 to 82 t/km2 in the influent and from 17 to 58 t/km2in the effluent within the study period. In the effluent the amount of the main ions was 42% less than in the influent. Keywords: flowing lake, main ions, runoff, balance.
Dr. Arvydas Povilas Malisauskas, senior researcher, head of Polder Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, hydrotechnics and hydrology of small watersheds. Address: Parko 6, Vilainiai LT-58102, Kedainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 09. E-mail: a.malisauskas@water.omnitel.net. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 LOGISTIC STUDIES ON THE HANDLING PROCESS OF MUNICIPAL WASTES IN KLAIPEDA TOWN Albertas STEPONAVICIUS*, Zenonas STRUSEVICIUS Summary After Lithuania became a member of the EU, a new legal, institutional and financial base of wastes handling was developed. The new base comprises a proper handling, recycling and usage processes of wastes on the state level. With the implementation of the state wastes management program, different regional wastes handling programs are being implemented too, and normative documents and regulations are being prepared. The paper presents the analysis of handling process of wastes in Klaipeda town, and gives the data about the amount of wastes collected in Klaipeda municipality. The paper also presents the data about the handling costs necessary for the collection of wastes, development of the infrastructure of wastes management system, handling of specific wastes and administration of the whole wastes handling system. With the implementation of the principle “polluter pays” and optimization of the operation of wastes management system in order to reduce the costs for the handling process of municipal wastes (collection, distribution to landfills, operation and development of wastes handling infrastructure, handling and administration of specific wastes), it was recommended to divide the town into separate zones. The average sum of expenses necessary for the handling of 1 t of municipal wastes was calculated to be 146.0 Lt. To finance and effectively control the activity of separate workers handling the wastes, the expenses are to be covered by the application of the method of local funds. The cost for handling of 1 m2 of wastes in Klaipeda town was calculated to be 1.80 Lt per year. Keywords: system, wastes, handling stages, costs.
*contact person Dr. Albertas Steponavicius, researcher, Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations on the handling processes of wastes, manure, wastewater and landfill leachate and their impact on the environment. Address: Parko 6, LT-58102 Vilainiai, Kedainiai district, Lithuania. Phone: +370 347 6 80 20. Dr. Zenonas Strusevicius, head of Water Treatment Laboratory, Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – ecology and landscape studies, handling of wastes, wastewater and manure, the effect of the process on the environment, investigations on pollutants transformation processes. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 RESEARCH ON THE RESTORATION POSSIBILITIES OF LAKE TALSA Antanas CiUnys, Feliksas Mikuckis* Summary Lake Talsa is included into the list of lakes to be restored. The area of Lake Talsa is 56.2 ha. It is deep enough (the average water depth is 3.83 m, the deepest places reach 9.0 m). The thickness of sediment layer is equal to water depth (the average sapropel layer is 4.3 m, the thickest place reaches 9.0 m). Lake Talsa is rather vital, except for southern and northern littorals of lake that are silty. The sediment of the lake is limy sapropel. Heterogeneous silt accumulates in western littoral, peat is found in northern littoral. The sediment of southern part of the lake is not polluted with heavy metals. The sediment (sild and peat) of western part, especially in the superficial layer is polluted with chromium, lead and zinc. The restoration of the lake is recommended to be carried out in three stages, removing about 370 000 m3. Keywords: sediments, heavy metals, sapropel, precipitation.
*contact person Dr. Antanas Ciunys, docent, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – investigations of endangered lakes. Dr. Feliksas Mikuckis, docent, Constructions Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361, Kaunas-Akademija, Lithuania. Phone: +370 37 75 23 37, fax: +370 37 75 23 92. E-mail: ciunys.antanas@hidro.lzuu.lt. Received 01 2004.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 PRIMARY HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF LITHUANIAN RIVERS Jonas JABLONSKIS, Andrius JAROCKIS, Petras PUNYS* Summary The aim of this article is to assess natural (gross theoretical) potential (capability) as well as technically and economically feasible potential that refer to the power and production of hydropower plants. The economically feasible potential has been replaced here by effectively feasible potential that can be in some way approximated with. Small and mid-sized watercourses were the main objects of assessing hydropower potential. The hydropower potential of the two largest rivers Nemunas and Neris accounts for 59.2% of total technically exploitable hydropower potential of the country. According to the investigations performed, the country’s gross theoretical hydropower potential represents the capacity of nearly 690 MW and the energy of 6 TWh/year. The technically feasible potential of small and mid-sized rivers is 194.88 MW and 853.6 GWh per year respectively. Effectively (or economically) feasible potential amounts to 140.8 MW and 616.8 GWh/year. When environmental constraints are taken into account the above-mentioned hydropower potential is reduced to 6% of total potential. Only 65 rivers and their 87 reaches can be used for hydropower economically which total capacity represents 28.7 MW and 125.7 GWh/year. This paper does not consider the impact of environmental constraints on the use of hydropower potential nor large-scale hydropower potential in detail. Keywords: theoretical (natural), technical and economical (effective) hydroenergetic resources.
*contact person Dr. habil. Jonas Jablonskis, senior researcher, Hydrology laboratory, Lithuanian Energy Institute. Research interests – hydrography, changes in climate and runoff, evaluation of hydroenergy resources. M.Sc. Andrius Jarockis, doctorate student, Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – water resources, hydrology, hydroenergetics. Act. prof. Dr. Petras Punys, head of Water Management Department, Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Research interests – hydrology, hydroenergetics, water resources management. Address: Universiteto 10, LT-53361 Kaunas-Akademija, Lithuania. Phone +370 37 39 73 37. E-mail: p. punys@eko.lzua.lt. Received 2004 01.
ISSN 1648-4363 Transactions of Lithuanian University of Agriculture and Water Management Institute of Lithuanian University of Agriculture, 25(45)1, 2004 FLUCTUATIONS OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS CONCENTRATIONS IN RIVER WATER Lina Bagdziunaite-Litvinaitiene, Antanas Lukianas* Summary The paper analyzes the peculiarities of fluctuations in nutrient concentrations within a long-term study period (1974-2002). The study includes the analysis of the data of 8 Lithuanian rivers. Study period is divided into two parts (1974-1990 and 1991-2002) with different intensity of the anthropogenic activity. As the study results show, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, nitrites and phosphates are decreasing, while nitrate concentrations have a tendency to increase. In the period from 1991, concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, nitrites and phosphates decreased 2-3 times, while nitrate concentrations were increasing significantly in the same period. Maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of ammonia nitrogen, nitrites and phosphates were often exceeded within the period of intensive development of agricultural activity (1974-1990). However, the exceeded maximum allowable concentrations (MAC) of nitrates were often observed in the second part of the study period. This is particularly obvious in water of rivers of the Middle Lithuania. Keywords: ammonia nitrogen, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, discharge.
*contact person Lina Bagdziunaite-Litvinaitiene, doctorate student, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management. Dr. Antanas Lukianas, professor of Department of Hydraulics, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University. Research interests – environmental engineering and landscape management, interaction of hydraulic structures and environment. Address: Sauletekio 11, LT-10223 Vilnius-40, Lithuania. Phone: +370 5 2 74 47 15. E-mail: lukianas@ap.vtu.lt. Received 01 2004. |
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